Large and growing opportunity costs are resulting from the inability to produce sophisticated, reliable software in a timely manner. Software engineering presents stubborn problems, but in this book, a group of experts suggest several constructive directions for research. Together, they support the need for greater interaction between researchers and practitioners and more aggressive efforts to share and reuse software engineering knowledge.

Scaling Up: A Research Agenda for Software Engineering

Computers & Technology

Computer Science and Telecommunications Board

National, Research Council

Computer Science

National Academies Press

Software is the product of intellectual creativity, but protection of the intellectual property residing in software is the subject of some controversy. This book captures a wide range of perspectives on the topic from industry, academe, and government, drawing on information presented at a workshop and forum.

Intellectual Property Issues in Software (Photocopy Only)

Steering Committee for Intellectual Property Issues in Software

Software

Computers at Risk presents a comprehensive agenda for developing nationwide policies and practices for computer security. Specific recommendations are provided for industry and for government agencies engaged in computer security activities. The volume also outlines problems and opportunities in computer security research, recommends ways to improve the research infrastructure, and suggests topics for investigators. The book explores the diversity of the field, the need to engineer countermeasures based on speculation of what experts think computer attackers may do next, why the technology community has failed to respond to the need for enhanced security systems, how innovators could be encouraged to bring more options to the marketplace, and balancing the importance of security against the right of privacy. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>Overview and Recommendations</li>
<li>Concepts of Information Security</li>
<li>Technology to Achieve Secure Computer</li>
<li>Programming Methodology</li>
<li>Criteria to Evaluate Computer and Network Security</li>
<li>Why the Security Market Has Not Worked Well</li>
<li>The Need to Establish an Information Security Foundation</li>
<li>Research Topics and Funding</li>
<li>Bibliography</li>
<li>A The Orange Book</li>
<li>B Selected Topics in Computer Security Technology</li>
<li>C Emergency Response Teams</li>
<li>D Models for GSSP</li>
<li>E High-grade Threats</li>
<li>F Glossary</li>
<li>G List of Members of the Former Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources</li>
</ul>

Computers at Risk: Safe Computing in the Information Age

Science & Math

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications

System Security Study Committee

Mathematics

Systems integration--the enterprise-wide integration of computer applications--offers an enormous opportunity for U.S. firms to capitalize on their strengths in such areas as complex software, networking, and management. In this book, industry leaders, university researchers, and government policymakers discuss what systems integration is, its importance and prospects for growth, why it is expected to define the characteristics of computerization for decades to come, and why the United States is perceived to have a strong competitive advantage.

Keeping the U.S. Computer Industry Competitive: Systems Integration

Business & Money

Economics

Computers are increasingly the enabling devices of the information revolution, and computing is becoming ubiquitous in every corner of society, from manufacturing to telecommunications to pharmaceuticals to entertainment. Even more importantly, the face of computing is changing rapidly, as even traditional rivals such as IBM and Apple Computer begin to cooperate and new modes of computing are developed. Computing the Future presents a timely assessment of academic computer science and engineering (CS&amp;E), examining what should be done to ensure continuing progress in making discoveries that will carry computing into the twenty-first century. Most importantly, it advocates a broader research and educational agenda that builds on the field's impressive accomplishments. The volume outlines a framework of priorities for CS&amp;E, along with detailed recommendations for education, funding, and leadership. A core research agenda is outlined for these areas: processors and multiple-processor systems, data communications and networking, software engineering, information storage and retrieval, reliability, and user interfaces. This highly readable volume examines <ul>
<li>Computer science and engineering as a discipline--how computer scientists and engineers are pushing back the frontiers of their field. 
</li> <li>How CS&amp;E must change to meet the challenges of the future. 
</li> <li>The influence of strategic investment by federal agencies in CS&amp;E research. 
</li> <li>Recent structural changes that affect the interaction of academic CS&amp;E and the business environment. 
</li> <li>Specific examples of interdisciplinary and applications research in four areas: earth sciences and the environment, computational biology, commercial computing, and the long-term goal of a national electronic library. 
</li> </ul>
The volume provides a detailed look at undergraduate CS&amp;E education, highlighting the limitations of four-year programs, and discusses the emerging importance of a master's degree in CS&amp;E and the prospects for broadening the scope of the Ph.D. It also includes a brief look at continuing education. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>FRONT MATTER</li>
<li>EXECUTIVE SUMMARY</li>
<li>PART 1</li>
<li>1 COMPUTING-SIGNIFICANCE, STATUS, CHALLENGES</li>
<li>2 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE OF CS&amp;E</li>
<li>3 A CORE CS&amp;E RESEARCH AGENDA FOR THE FUTURE</li>
<li>4 EDUCATION IN CS&amp;E</li>
<li>5 RECOMMENDATIONS</li>
<li>PART 2</li>
<li>6 WHAT IS COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING?</li>
<li>7 INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC CS&amp;E</li>
<li>8 HUMAN RESOURCES</li>
<li>APPENDIX</li>
<li>INDEX</li>
</ul>

Computing the Future: A Broader Agenda for Computer Science and Engineering

Committee to Assess the Scope and Direction of Computer Science and Technology

Surprisingly little is known about the people responsible for advancing the science, technology, and application of computing systems, despite their critical roles in the U.S. economy. As a group, they can be referred to as "computing professionals." But that label masks an unusually wide range of occupations. To add to the confusion, the nature of these occupations is changing rapidly in response to dramatic advances in technology. Building from discussions at a workshop, this book explores the number, composition, demand, and supply of computing professionals in the United States. It identifies key issues and sources of data and illuminates options for improving our understanding of these important occupational groups. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive SummaryIntroductionData and Taxonomy: Computing Professionals are Hard to CountDemand Crosscurrents: Emerging and Disappearing JobsSupply: Who Enters the Profession?Training, Retraining, and More RetrainingConclusion and Next StepsAppendix A: Comparison of Data Sources and DataAppendix B: U.S. Degree Programs in ComputingAppendix C: The Demand for Human Resources and Skills in the 1990sAppendix D: Workshop Program

Computing Professionals: Changing Needs for the 1990s

Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel

A Workshop Prepared by the Steering Committee on Human Resources in Computer Science and Technology

Job Hunting & Careers

The potential impact of the information superhighway--what it will mean to daily work, shopping, and entertainment--is of concern to nearly everyone. In the rush to put the world on-line, special issues have emerged for researchers, educators and students, and library specialists. At the same time, the research and education communities have a valuable head start when it comes to understanding computer communications networks, particularly Internet. With its roots in the research community, the Internet computer network now links tens of millions of people and extends well into the commercial world. Realizing the Information Future is written by key players in the development of Internet and other data networks. The volume highlights what we can learn from Internet and how the research, education, and library communities can take full advantage of the information highway's promised reach through time and space. This book presents a vision for the proposed national information infrastructure (NII): an open data network sending information services of all kinds, from suppliers of all kinds, to customers of all kinds, across network providers of all kinds. Realizing the Information Future examines deployment issues for the NII in light of the proposed system architecture, with specific discussion of the needs of the research and education communities. What is the role of the "institution" when everyone is on-line in their homes and offices? What are the consequences when citizens can easily access legal, medical, educational, and government services information from a single system? These and many other important questions are explored. The committee also looks at the development of principles to address the potential for abuse and misuse of the information highway, covering <ul>
<li>Equitable and affordable access to the network.</li> <li>Reasonable approaches to controlling the rising tide of electronic information.</li> <li>Rights and responsibilities relating to freedom of expression, intellectual property, individual privacy, and data security. 
</li> </ul>
Realizing the Information Future includes a wide-ranging discussion of costs, pricing, and federal funding for network development and a discussion of the federal role in making the best technical choices to ensure that the expected social and economic benefits of the NII are realized. The time for the research and education communities to have their say about the information highway is before the ribbon is cut. Realizing the Information Future provides a timely, readable, and comprehensive exploration of key issues--important to computer scientists and engineers, researchers, librarians and their administrators, educators, and individuals interested in the shape of the information network that will soon link us all. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary and Recommendations</li>
<li>1 U.S. Networking: The Past Is Prologue</li>
<li>2 The Open Data Network: Achieving the Vision of an Integrated National Information Infrastructure</li>
<li>3 Research, Education, and Libraries</li>
<li>4 Principles and Practice</li>
<li>5 Financial Issues</li>
<li>6 Government Roles and Opportunities</li>
<li>APPENDIX A Federal Networking: The Path to the Internet</li>
<li>APPENDIX B Sample Principle Sets</li>
<li>APPENDIX C User Support Services</li>
<li>APPENDIX D State and Regional Networks</li>
<li>APPENDIX E International Issues</li>
<li>APPENDIX F Key Terms</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond

NRENAISSANCE Committee

Networking & Cloud Computing

Interactive multimedia and information infrastructure receive a lot of attention in the press, but what do they really mean for society? What are the most significant and enduring innovations? What does the convergence of digitally based technologies mean for U.S. businesses and consumers? This book presents an overview of the exciting but much-hyped phenomenon of digital convergence. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Overview</li>
<li>2 Trends and Directions</li>
<li>3 Societal Implications</li>
<li>4 Promoting Competitiveness: Policy Issues and Obstacles</li>
<li>Bibliography</li>
<li>Apendix A Colloquium Participants</li>
<li>Appendix B Colloquium Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix C Follow-up Interviews</li>
</ul>

Keeping the U.S. Computer and Communications Industry Competitive: Convergence of Computing, Communications, and Entertainment

Despite widespread interest in virtual reality, research and development efforts in synthetic environments (SE)--the field encompassing virtual environments, teleoperation, and hybrids--have remained fragmented. Virtual Reality is the first integrated treatment of the topic, presenting current knowledge along with thought-provoking vignettes about a future where SE is commonplace. This volume discusses all aspects of creating a system that will allow human operators to see, hear, smell, taste, move about, give commands, respond to conditions, and manipulate objects effectively in a real or virtual environment. The committee of computer scientists, engineers, and psychologists on the leading edge of SE development explores the potential applications of SE in the areas of manufacturing, medicine, education, training, scientific visualization, and teleoperation in hazardous environments. The committee also offers recommendations for development of improved SE technology, needed studies of human behavior and evaluation of SE systems, and government policy and infrastructure.  Table of ContentsFRONT MATTERExecutive SummaryPART I OVERVIEWPART II RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY1 Some Psychological Considerations2 The Visual Channel3 The Auditory Channel4 Haptic Interfaces5 Position Tracking and Mapping6 Whole-Body Motion, Motion Sickness, and Locomotion Interfaces7 Speech, Physiology, and Other Interface Components8 Computer Hardware and Software for the Generation of Virtual Environments9 Telerobotics10 Networking and Communications11 Evaluation of Synthetic Environment SystemsPART III APPLICATIONS12 Specific Applications of SE SystemsReferencesAPPENDIXESA Biographical SketchesB ContributorsIndex

Virtual Reality: Scientific and Technological Challenges

Committee on Virtual Reality Research and Development

Games & Strategy Guides

This book describes a vision of manufacturing in the twenty-first century that maximizes efficiencies and improvements by exploiting the full power of information and provides a research agenda for information technology and manufacturing that is necessary for success in achieving such a vision. Research on information technology to support product and process design, shop-floor operations, and flexible manufacturing is described. Roles for virtual manufacturing and the information infrastructure are also addressed. A final chapter is devoted to nontechnical research issues.  Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 Vision and Recommended Areas of Research2 Manufacturing: Context, Content, and History3 Integrated Product and Process Design4 Shop Floor Production5 Modeling and Simulation For the Virtual Factory6 Information Infrastructure Issues7 Organizational and Societal InfrastructureBibliographyAppendix A List of ContributorsAppendix B Site Visit to Romeo Engine Plant, March 23, 1994Appendix C Illustrative Advanced Long-range Technology Demostrations

Information Technology for Manufacturing: A Research Agenda

Committee to Study Information Technology and Manufacturing

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