Health care associated infections affect between 5 and 30% of patients. The associated burden of disease is extremely high and is a significant drain on health-sector resources and households. Ensuring safe environmental health conditions in health care can reduce the transmission of health care associated infections.         The interventions provide an educational opportunity to promote safe environments that are relevant to the population at large, and thereby also contribute to safe environments encountered at home. This is especially relevant to the trend towards increased home-based care as witnessed in both the developing and developed countries.        This document provides guidance on essential environmental health standards required for health care in medium and low-resource countries and supports the development and implementation of national policies. These guidelines have been written for use by health managers and planners, architects, urban planners, water and sanitation staff, clinical and nursing staff careers, and other health-care providers and health promoters.

Essential Environmental Health Standards for Health Care

Medical Books

Adams, J.

Bartram, J.

Chartier, Y.

Administration & Medicine Economics

World Health Organization

Adequate provision of water supply, sanitation, hygiene and waste management in schools has a number of positive effects and contributes to a reduced burden of disease among children, staff and their families. Such interventions also provide opportunities for greater gender equity in access to education, and create educational opportunities to promote safe environments at home and in communities.This book provides guidance on water, sanitation and hygiene required in schools. The guidelines it contains are designed to be used in low-cost settings in low- and medium resource countries, and to support the development and implementation of national policies. It is aimed at education managers and planners, architects, urban planners, water and sanitation technicians, teaching staff, school boards, village education committees, local authorities and similar bodies.

Water Sanitation and Hygiene Standards for Schools in Low-cost Settings

Simms, J

Environmental mycobacteria can be found in diverse environments around the world and most appear to exhibit a saprophytic lifestyle. However, some have the ability to infect animals, birds and humans, and have evolved mechanisms by which they can invade and grow within host cells: the pathogenic environmental mycobacteria (PEM). Although the diseases caused by these organisms have been known for many years, it is only recently that the potential significance of PEM as a waterborne pathogen has been appreciated. Pathogenic Mycobacteria in Water describes the current knowledge of the distribution of PEM in water and other parts of the environment. The routes of transmission that lead to human infection are discussed and there is a detailed analysis of the most significant disease symptoms that can follow infection. Many species of PEM are difficult to isolate in culture and so detection and identification rely upon the use modern techniques such as those based on selective nucleic acid amplification (PCR). The classical and modern methods of analysis are described. The book concludes with a discussion of the issues surrounding the control of PEM in drinking water and the assessment and management of risks.

Pathogenic Mycobacteria in Water [OP]: A Guide to Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management

Science & Math

Cotruvo, J.

Dufour, A.

Rees, G.

Pedley, S.

Nature & Ecology

A significant number of emerging and re-emerging waterborne zoonotic pathogens have been recognized over recent decades. SARS, E. coli O157:H7, and Cryptosporidium provide examples of zoonoses with waterborne routes of transmission. Developed from an expert workshop of 29 scientists, this book provides a critical assessment of current knowledge about waterborne zoonoses and identifies strategies and research needs for controlling future emerging waterborne zoonoses. The report provides guidance to agriculturists, veterinarians, worldwide health agencies, and water providers to anticipate potential future waterborne disease problems and to determine whether current practices will be protective or whether new approaches need to be deployed to better protect the health of both humans and animals.

Waterborne Zoonoses: Identification, Causes and Control

Engineering & Transportation

Carr, R.

Cliver, D.O.

Craun, G.F.

Engineering

Water is the major natural reservoir for legionellae, and the bacteria are found worldwide in many different natural and artificial aquatic environments, such as cooling towers, water systems in hotels homes, ships and factories, respiratory therapy equipment, fountains misting devices and spa pools. This book provides a comprehensive overview on the sources, ecology and laboratory diagnosis of legionella. Guidance is provided on risk assessment and risk management of susceptible environments. The necessary measures to prevent, or adequately control, the risk from exposure to legionella bacteria are identified for each identified environment. Outbreaks of legionellosis generally cause a high level of morbidity and mortality in the people affected and as such the suspicion of an outbreak warrants immediate action. The policies and practice for outbreak management and the institutional roles and responsibilities of an outbreak control team are reviewed. This book will be useful to all those concerned with legionella and health, including environmental and public health officers, health care workers, the travel industry, researchers and special interest groups.

Legionella and the Prevention of Legionellosis

Pond, K.

Lee, J.V.

Surman-Lee, S.

Biological Sciences

Unsafe water used for bivalve shellfish growing causes outbreaks of disease in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Scientists and regulators agree that change is required so that monitoring and management better reflect risks to shellfish consumers.Safe Management of Shellfish and Harvest Waters is a new international text that comprehensively addresses the risks, monitoring and management of sewage contamination of bivalve shellfish harvest waters. It distills worldwide experience, identifies the challenges and opportunities that face the industry and suggests responses to those challenges.Case studies are taken from a range of developing and developed countries to highlight different approaches and concerns and to allow practitioners to draw lessons from tropical and temperate situations.New tools and techniques that may enable innovative regulation and management to improve public health are explored.Safe Management of Shellfish and Harvest Waters will be invaluable for health agencies, water quality and shellfish regulatory agencies, and other environmental professionals working in the shellfish industry.

Safe Management of Shellfish and Harvest Waters (Who Health Organization Titles)

Kay, D.

Santo Domingo, V.

Domestic animals contaminate recreational waters and drinking-water sources with excreta and pathogens; this threat to public health is inadequately understood and is insufficiently addressed in regulations.More than 85% of the world's faecal waste is from domestic animals such as poultry, cattle, sheep and pigs. These animals harbor zoonotic pathogens that are transported in the environment by water, especially runoff. However little information exists on health effects associated with exposure to this potential hazard to human health; and water standards focused on control of human fecal contamination do reflect the contribution of non-human fecal contamination to risk.Does compliance with current monitoring practices using microbial indicators provide protection against animal and bird sources of fecal contamination?Prepared with contributions from a group of international experts, Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health considers microbial contamination from domestic animal and bird sources and explores the health hazards associated with this microbial contamination and approaches to protecting public health.Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health will be of interest to regulators with responsibility for recreational waters, drinking water quality and water reuse; policymakers working in water quality, public health and agriculture; decision makers responsible for livestock management; and scientists and practitioners concerned with many affected subjects.

Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health: WHO Emerging Issues in Water & Infectious Disease

Gannon, Victor

Bos, R.

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Books by Bartram, J.