It is little known that Richard Wagner was among the very first Westerners to appreciate Buddhism and that he was the first major European artist to be inspired by this religion. In 1856, in the prime of his creativity, the 33-year-old artist read his first book about Buddhism. Madly in love with Mathilde Wesendonck, a beautiful but happily married woman, he conceived two deeply connected opera projects: Tristan und Isolde which he went on to compose and stage, and Die Sieger (The Victors), an opera scenario based on an Indian Buddha legend translated from Sanskrit. These two projects mirrored Wagner's burning desire for the consummation of his love and the necessity of renunciation. This Buddhist opera project occupied Wagner's mind for decades until his death in 1883. Indeed, the composer's last words were about the Buddha figure of his scenario and his relationship with women. Urs App, the author of The Birth of Orientalism (University of Pennsylvania Press) and the world's foremost authority on the early Western reception of Buddhism, tells the story of Richard Wagner's creative encounter with Buddhism and explains the composer's last words.

Richard Wagner and Buddhism

Biographies & Memoirs

App, Urs

Arts & Literature

UniversityMedia

Schopenhauers Kompass (German Edition)

Politics & Social Sciences

Philosophy

Schopenhauer was the first major Western philosopher with a deep interest in Asian philosophies and religions. His favorite book was a Latin version of the Indian Upanishads-the Oupnek'hat-that he used to call the consolation of his life and death. Urs App explains in this book for the first time why Schopenhauer regarded this work as the most excellent in the world, how it is connected with the birth of his philosophy, and what caused him to list it even ahead of Plato and Kant as his major inspiration. This groundbreaking new introduction to Schopenhauer's thought and its genesis explains the role of Indian, Persian (Sufi), Neoplatonic, and mystical ideas as well as meditative states ("better consciousness"). But its focus lies firmly on the central dynamic at the heart of Schopenhauer's entire work: the inner compass that gave it its overall direction.

Schopenhauer's Compass. An Introduction to Schopenhauer's Philosophy and its Origins

Creative Daoism

Just as Christianity has its Vatican in Rome, modern Daoism boasts of a unique center of religious authority and administration: the Temple of the White Clouds (Baiyun guan) in Beijing, seat of the general headquarters of the Chinese Daoist Association. This temple complex in Beijing, called by Dr Esposito "modern Daoism's Vatican," houses the grave of the mythical founder of Daoism's Quanzhen tradition and celebrates the patriarchs of its Longmen ("Dragon Gate") branch as his legitimate heirs. Monica Esposito describes in this book how Daoist masters and historiographers in China, much like their Catholic counterparts in Europe, invented a glorious patriarchal lineage as well as a system of ordination designed to perpetuate orthodox transmission and central control. They also created a kind of New Testament: a new canonical collection of scriptures entitled "The Gist of the Daoist Canon" (Daozang jiyao). It contains hundreds of texts including the Daoist classic The Secret of the Golden Flower which achieved fame through the commentary by Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung. A classic study on the invention of religious traditions, the four parts of Creative Daoism describe in detail the construction of the Daoist Vatican's lineage of patriarchs, system of ordination, canon of sacred scriptures, and doctrine of universal salvation.

History

Esposito, Monica

Asia

Just as Christianity has its Vatican in Rome, modern Daoism boasts of a unique center of religious authority and administration: the Temple of the White Clouds (Baiyun guan) in Beijing, seat of the general headquarters of the Chinese Daoist Association. This temple complex in Beijing, called by Dr Esposito "modern Daoism's Vatican," houses the grave of the mythical founder of Daoism's Quanzhen tradition and celebrates the patriarchs of its Longmen ("Dragon Gate") branch as his legitimate heirs.  This book shows in detail how Daoist masters and historiographers in China, much like their Catholic counterparts in Europe,  invented a glorious patriarchal lineage as well as a system of ordination designed to perpetuate orthodox transmission and central control. They also created a kind of  New Testament: a new canonical collection of scriptures entitled "The Gist of the Daoist Canon" (Daozang jiyao). This ultimate canon of Daoism contains hundreds of texts including the Daoist classic The Secret of the Golden Flower which achieved fame through the commentary by Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung.   A  classic study on the invention of religious traditions, the four parts of Creative Daoism describe the creation of the Daoist Vatican's Longmen lineage of patriarchs, system of ordination, canon of sacred scriptures, and doctrine of universal salvation.

Facets of Qing Daoism

As China is rapidly reemerging as the world's dominant economic powerhouse that it had been until the mid-eighteenth century, interest in its religions and philosophies is on the rise. Just as the history and culture of Western civilizations can hardly be grasped without a measure of knowledge about Christianity, an understanding of Chinese civilization and its history seems impossible without some comprehension of Daoism. Though it has long been clear that modern Daoism has its roots in Daoist movements of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), research on premodern Daoism had been largely neglected. Published in six languages (Italian, French, English, German, Chinese, and Japanese), the pioneering studies by Monica Esposito (1962-2011) on Qing Daoism have been instrumental in kindling keen scholarly interest both in the West and in China and Japan. This book presents corrected and augmented versions of three of Dr Esposito's seminal articles that had originally been published in English ("Daoism in the Qing," "The Longmen School and its Controversial History," and "Longmen Daoism in Qing China: Doctrinal Ideal and Local Reality") along with English versions of two articles that had hitherto only been available in Japanese and Chinese: "Beheading the Red Dragon: The Heart of Feminine Alchemy" and "An Example of Daoist and Tantric Interaction during the Qing Dynasty: The Longmen xinzong." In addition, this volume contains a bibliography of all her publications and a detailed index.

Schopenhauer's favorite book was a particular version of the Indian Upanishads. He encountered it just before he found the centerpiece of his philosophical system: his concept of will. Though he named it as the first of three main philosophical influences and kept calling it the most excellent book in the world, 150 years of Schopenhauer research have failed to explain the role of these Latin Upanishads. Based on Schopenhauer's extant copy of the work, his notebooks and many additional sources, Urs App's study (in German) offers a completely new picture of the genesis of Schopenhauer's philosophy. It explains for the first time the role of Indian, Persian (Sufi), Neoplatonic, and mystical ideas in the birth of his philosophy and describes the central dynamic that gave direction to all of his work: Schopenhauer's Compass. Schopenhauer war der erste gro e Philosoph Europas, der schon in seiner Jugend tiefes Interesse an asiatischen Philosophien und Religionen zeigte. Vor der Niederschrift seines Hauptwerkes Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung bezeichnete er in seinem Notizbuch die Upanischaden, Plato und Kant als Haupteinfl sse. Immer wieder betonte der Philosoph, diese Upanischaden seien das lesenswerteste Werk der Welt und nannte es den Trost seines Lebens und Sterbens. In seiner Frankfurter Wohnung lag es immer offen da - zur t glichen Abendandacht, wie ein Besucher berichtete. Doch die Schopenhauerforschung hat es hundertf nfzig Jahre lang vers umt, das Lieblingsbuch des Denkers zu lesen und seine so zahlreichen wie interessanten handschriftlichen Eintr ge zu studieren. Der Schopenhauer-Experte und Orientalismus-Spezialist Urs App erkl rt erstmals, was es mit dieser Hauptquelle Schopenhauers auf sich hat und zeichnet ein komplett neues Bild der Entstehung von Schopenhauers Philosophie, in dem auch sein fr hes Interesse an west- stlicher Mystik und meditativen Zust nden (>besseres Bewusstsein

The Cult of Emptiness. the Western Discovery of Buddhist Thought and the Invention of Oriental Philosophy

Whereas the discovery by Europeans of the continents of our earth has been the subject of countless studies and its protagonists (such as Columbus) are universally known, research on the European discovery of our globe's "spiritual continents" - its religions and philosophies - is still in its infancy. The Christian West's discovery of Asia's largest religion and fount of philosophies, Buddhism, is a case in point: though it triggered one of the most significant and influential spiritual and cultural encounters in world history, even the most basic questions remain unanswered. What did Europeans first learn about Buddhist thought? When and where did this discovery take place and who was involved in it? What kind of Buddhism did they study, how did they understand or misunderstand it, and what were the repercussions of such discoveries in Europe? Based on a wide range of sources in European and Asian languages, Urs App - the author of The Birth of Orientalism (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010) - identifies the protagonists of the first Western encounter with Buddhism and shows how their interpretation of Buddhist doctrines led to the invention of a single "Oriental philosophy" reigning from Egypt to Japan: an atheist philosophy anchored in "nothingness" and "emptiness" that was revealed by the Buddha to his closest disciples on his deathbed. Leading thinkers of the Enlightenment came to regard this philosophy as the most ancient form of atheism, the ancestor of Greek philosophy, the precursor of Spinoza, and the fount of mysticism as well as countless heresies including monism, pantheism, quietism, and gnosticism.

World

Richard Wagner und der Buddhismus (German Edition)

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Richard Wagner and Buddhism

Schopenhauers Kompass (German Edition)

Schopenhauer's Compass. An Introduction to Schopenhauer's Philosophy and its Origins

Creative Daoism

Creative Daoism

Facets of Qing Daoism

Facets of Qing Daoism

Schopenhauers Kompass (German Edition)

The Cult of Emptiness. the Western Discovery of Buddhist Thought and the Invention of Oriental Philosophy

Richard Wagner und der Buddhismus (German Edition)