The Middle East Strategic Balance is prepared annually by the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University, to provide an authoritative and indispensable guide to strategic developments and military capabilities in the Middle East. MESB offers a comprehensive insightful assessment of the complex Middle East strategic environment. Governments and the media pay close attention to the data and analysis, and the work is quoted extensively. …Based on unique sources and professional assessment the 2003–2004 Strategic Balance presents the most accurate and comprehensive military posture of the countries in the Middle East. Up-to-date figures and information on defense budgets, procurement, equipment holdings, military deployments, WMD listings, and foreign aid; and key components of military force structures such as major changes to the orders of battle, and a survey of personnel, weapons and equipment holdings, non-conventional capabilities and ballistic missiles, are presented in accessible and easy to use formats. Published in association with the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies

The Middle East Strategic Balance 2003 2004

Arts & Photography

History & Criticism

Sussex Academic Press

Since the 1970s, the Latin American Jewish Diaspora has been recognized as a unique phenomenon in diasporic studies, due to the development of new ways of thinking about internationalism and globalization. Important works of the 1980s and 1990s established the critical role of Jews in Latin America. This collection moves the field forward by providing an interdisciplinary and comparative view of Jewish experiences through history, literature, painting, anthropology, poetry, sociology, and politics.

The Jewish Diaspora in Latin America and the Caribbean: Fragments of Memory

History

Americas

In the 1990s, Latin America emerged from the horror of massive and systematic human rights violations as the region returned to civilian-elected regimes. Many hoped that such transitions would bring about significant political, economic and cultural change: the rebuilding a more democratic order based on a culture of human rights” that would reinvigorate democratic practices in the region. Despite the change in political regimes, such aspirations have come up against the recalcitrant realities” of enduring military enclaves demanding impunity for past crimes, the persistence of neoliberal economics, ineffective and, in some cases, corrupt government coalitions, as well as the seemingly insatiable demands of private domestic and international capital for flexible” labor and unregulated capital flows.  The tragic events of 9/11 have become so pivotal in current debates on US domestic and foreign policy, that the other” 9/11, that which took place three decades ago in Chile, seems to have been relegated to a distant footnote. This volume aims to re-examine Chile’s 9/11  a historically and symbolically charged event  and to explore the lasting legacy of the transformations brought about by the oppressive regimes of the ’70s and ’80s as they are being experienced today in the cultural, social and intellectual life of the region.

Democracy in Chile: The Legacy of September 11, 1973

Psychological Warfare in the Intifada: Israeli and Palestinian Media Politics and Military Strategies

The first book of its kind on psychological operations—military actions designed to influence the perceptions and attitudes of individuals, groups, and foreign governments—in Middle East research, it provides a much needed in-depth analysis of the techniques used by both the Israelis and the Palestinians. The volume clarifies the rationales for psychological warfare in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict from 1948 to 1991, examines the development of concepts of offensive and defensive psychological warfare as developed by the Nazis and the Soviets, as well as U.S. and British tactics of persuasion, and the ways the main actors have adapted these tactics to the specifics of the Intifada. Close attention is paid to the formulation and dissemination of Palestinian psychological themes directed at the Arab world, neutral parties and the enemy, and the largely unsuccessful official Israeli attempts to counter them, including official government stances and directives to the Israeli Defense Forces. This book is essential reading for all involved in media studies and military strategy.

Psychological Warfare in the Intifada: Israeli And Palestinian Media Politics And Military Strategies

Schleifer, Ron

Middle East

The first book of its kind on psychological operations—military actions designed to influence the perceptions and attitudes of individuals, groups, and foreign governments—in Middle East research, it provides a much needed in-depth analysis of the techniques used by both the Israelis and the Palestinians. The volume clarifies the rationales for psychological warfare in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict from 1948 to 1991, examines the development of concepts of offensive and defensive psychological warfare as developed by the Nazis and the Soviets, as well as U.S. and British tactics of persuasion, and the ways the main actors have adapted these tactics to the specifics of the Intifada. Close attention is paid to the formulation and dissemination of Palestinian psychological themes directed at the Arab world, neutral parties and the enemy, and the largely unsuccessful official Israeli attempts to counter them, including official government stances and directives to the Israeli Defense Forces. This book is essential reading for all involved in media studies and military strategy.

This book debunks the so-called 'paradoxical' nature of Franco's supposed benevolence towards the Jews, showing that any generosity on the regime's part was both opportunistic and unreliable. Dr Rohr grounds Franco's relationship to the Jews during World War II in the fascinating and complex history of post-Inquisitorial Spanish attitudes towards Jews, ranging from Philosephardism to various forms of antisemitism according to shifting ideological goals. Rohr's reading of Franco's neo-Philosephardism in the context of his colonial ambitions in Northern Africa is groundbreaking. - Dr. Soledad Fox, Ass't. Prof. of Spanish and Comparative Literature, Williams Coll. *** The author has reconciled several different kinds of history - exploring political myths, colonialism and foreign policy during wartime as well as contributing to both Spanish and Jewish history. This engaging, stimulating and original work firmly gives the issue of race in contemporary Spain the historiographical importance that it merits. Just as the Moorish 'Other' has long been recognised as a significant term of reference of Spanish identity, this books shows how the construction of 'the Jew' plays a similar role. - Dr Michael Richards, U. of the West of England *** A penetrating appraisal of the specific mixture of ideological and strategic (indeed frankly opportunistic) motives driving the contradictory policies adopted by Francoists towards different groups of European Jews in the period between c. 1936 and 1945. The particular strength of Dr Rohr's work is its understanding of the constant interplay between the political mythology of Spanish antisemitism and Spain's geopolitical interests and colonial aspirations. - Prof. Helen Graham, Dept. of History, Royal Holloway, U. of London

The Spanish Right and the Jews, 1898-1945: Antisemitism and Opportunism (Studies on Contemporary Spain)

Rohr, Isabelle

Europe

President of Israel Shimon Peres, in a speech to the German Bundestag on 27 January 2010, convened to mark Holocaust Day, voiced an often-repeated enigma that continues to trouble humanity over a half a century after the Holocaust: “The question still remains today why did the Nazis see in the existence of Jews a great and immediate danger? What induced them to invest in the killing machine such extensive resources? What motivated the Nazis to continue operating with such determination to the very end, even though their defeat had already appeared on the horizon? . . . The Nazi rabid hatred cannot be solely defined as ‘anti-Semitic’ . . . It does not fully explain the burning, murderous, beastly drive that motivated the Nazi regime, and their obsessive resolve to annihilate the Jews.” A possible answer to this enigma is provided by Yehuda Cohen. Why were the Germans of all people the perpetrators of the Holocaust? This examination of in-group identity issues and the essence and unique development of Germans’ national identity has direct relevance for those who seek an answer to this question. The answer lies in a ‘triangle’ of the fateful encounter of Germans and their problematic historical development, Nazi race theory, and the success of German Jewry. The author focuses on weaknesses in German identity which led to the attraction of a blood-based race theory as a national ethos – a narrative of German racial superiority which was invalidated by the very presence and prominence of Jews in German culture and society. Eliminating this ‘affront’ was an existential issue for Germans that impelled a Judenrein Europe – whether by expulsion or extermination. Such a linkage has been overlooked because scholars have concentrated on the Holocaust as a Jewish experience, with anti-Semitism being deemed primarily responsible. But as this new interpretation of the historical circumstances forcefully indicates, it was the German national experience that was the prime mover in the Holocaust enterprise. … In elucidating fundamental differences between anti-Semitism and race-theory, ethnicity and nationhood, and Nazi race theory and other manifestations of European racism, Yehuda Cohen brings to the surface underlying reasons for the phenomenal attraction of Germans to race theory. Covering new ground, comparison of the pattern of German development with the path taken by other nationalities reveals German-specific motifs that weakened German national development – first and foremost the lack of an ancient national all-German heritage. This and other under-researched facets of the German experience prevented German-speaking people from forming a shared national identity. With the exception of the Nazi period, Germans have never been a nation, only an ethnicity. Only a German (Nazi) race theory provided Germans with an assumed history and vision of Oneness around which an Aryan national ethos very briefly coalesced into a genuine shared national identity. … In conclusion, the author sets out how the European Union’s vision of an overarching ‘European nationality’ provides a constructive solution for Germans’ identity conflicts: it is a framework that also, ironically, supports an innate German drive to dominate the European sphere, albeit now through economic clout – a dominance never achieved by Bismarck or Hitler.

The Germans Absent Nationality and the Holocuast (Heritage, Society and National Identity in the European Union)

Cohen, Yehuda

Taking Up the Torch: English Institutions, German Dialectics, and Multicultural Commitments

Biographies & Memoirs

Edward Timms

Professionals & Academics

Fighting the Antichrist analyzes the discourse against Catholicism within England, from the breach from Rome in 1534 until the death of Elizabeth I in 1603. Cultural representations of Catholicism were decisive in creating and molding the perceptions that many Englishmen had of the new Anglican Church and its alleged enemies. Such perceptions were essential not only in promoting policies against English Catholics, but in shaping English national identity. Anti-Catholic propaganda elaborated a stereotype of the Catholic that converged with other negative cultural types common in the period, such as that of the lazy lecherous monk, the cruel Spaniard, the seductive and deceitful Jesuit, and the Machiavellian schemer (the last three enjoying special popularity in the second half of the Elizabethan period). These stereotypes allowed anti-Catholics to send a clear message to their Protestant countrymen: that Catholicism was a devilish, corrupt foreign power that could undermine the most basic pillars of English society - their Church and State. Fighting the Antichrist explores a wide number of texts of different genres in order to determine their contribution to the aforementioned cultural image of the Roman Catholic Church in England. Special attention is paid to political and doctrinal plays and pamphlets, given their appeal to different social groups and their role in creating a new public opinion. Other kinds of material that are also considered include chronicles and private letters, fragments of royal proclamations, and descriptions of royal entries and coronations. All these texts offer a wide spectrum of responses to the Catholic question and assist in understanding the role of anti-Catholic discourse in royal iconography. Originally published in Spanish by Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, the book provides an inter-disciplinary approach, addressing issues such as the formation of public opinion, the influence of imperial discourse, and the overriding role of religion in nationalist issues.

Fighting the Antichrist: A Cultural History of Anti-Catholicism in Tudor England

Álvarez-Recio, Leticia

To most literary historians, the name of Leigh Hunt does not rank very high. Hunt is mostly known as an idiosyncratic and mediocre poet, a versatile but slightly superficial critic, a man who taxed his friends' patience to the utmost, and - probably most notable of all - the man who exercised an evil influence on Keats. However, there is much more to Leigh Hunt than has hitherto been written about him. Hunt was a voracious reader who had a well-developed literary taste, and he was a true democrat in that he wanted "the interested layman" to share the enthusiasm which the reading and apprehension of poetry had given him. Hence, his essay What Is Poetry? which, apart from comments of a more theoretical kind, contains numerous examples from several ages and languages of what, in his opinion, qualified as fine poetry. His essay is inscribed in the line of theoretical writing on poetry that inspired Shelley, Coleridge, and Wordsworth to write their well-known treatises. Hunt distinguishes himself from those three in that his main emphasis is on the reader. What Is Poetry? is gently didactic in that it hopes that the reader would follow and benefit from his advice. Although not a text of sustained theoretical discussion, What Is Poetry? is, in its own idiosyncratic way, a valuable contribution to early 19th-century literary criticism. This book provides a long overdue analysis and critique of the essay, which, even today, is widely read and available. The book also examines Hunt's place in the Romantic movement as it sought to engage with the wider public. Hunt's achievement - apart from his gift as a talent scout and his altruistic assistance to budding geniuses - was that he strove to put his enormous, if erratic, learning at the disposal of ordinary people. This book is essential reading for all those engaged with poetry.

Leigh Hunt and What is Poetry?: Romanticism and the Purpose of Poetry

Olsen, Flemming

Arts & Literature

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