This book was motivated by the desire to further the ongoing discussion about the role of cognitive Sciences in the language teaching and learning process. This analysis is done through a comprehensive overview of language policies in a wide variety of countries on every continent through an interdisciplinary and internationalizing approach. The language preservation, teaching and learning efforts are reviewed and critiqued in an attempt to compare and contrast the ob¬jectives and results as well as the history and context of language preservation and teaching in each region.This publication charts the deepening and broadening of the field of language and education, moving on from these country profiles which in many cases highlight the institutionalization of language marginalization and their impact on generations of indigenous peoples and minority communities, the book looks into human sciences, language learning theories and their application. Language is at the heart of anthropological constructions, in particular how each language makes a unique contribution to humanity and symbolizes man’s relationship with his environment as well as his ability to build relations and the book deals with this paradigm in great detail.Specific pedagogical theories in particular concerning the teaching and learn¬ing of foreign languages as it relates to both communicative and cognitive ap¬proaches are highlighted. It reflects the depth of language acquisition theories and other disciplinary knowledge as well as a wide breadth of interdisciplinary perspectives. Language education research, and practice, together with an emphasis on lan¬guage policy, literacy discourse, language acquisition and teaching is assessed in great detail through review and analysis based on canonic research but also more modern methods in order to integrate new voices and international per¬spectives. Cognitive, motivation and instructional theories about how our brain or mind works or how our mind works and how we process information is also explored. Different approaches to language instruction are reviewed in particu¬lar as it relates to the learner and his environment.Several chapters in this book address specific case studies especially in the field of second language (L2) acquisition, recognizing the fact that a wide variety of factors ensure or prevent success in language teaching and learning.The book concludes with tangible recommendations and strategies gleaned from the considerable mass of theories, case studies and research presented examined, analysed, debated and interpreted in its previous chapters.

Educational Psychology and Language Preservation, Teaching and Learning

Education & Teaching

Durand, Sandra Colly

Schools & Teaching

Society Publishing

Managing Tourism Destinations

Raga, Jennifer

Business & Money

This book introduces the student to the phenomenon of corruption in the criminal justice system. As most readers will find, corruption is a pervasive perversion of what ought to be in a functional democracy. That means that its tentacles are never far from any facet of society. It does have its victims and often those victims are the most vulnerable in society. The book tries to explain the systemic and individualized causes and manifestation of corruption. In doing so, it moves away from the culture of blame which seeks to appropriate responsibility for one department of the system without acknowledging the presence of contagion on all sides and in all forms. The book is divided into ten thematic chapters that seek to explain the origins and manifestations of corruption in the criminal justice system:(a) Chapter 1: This chapter postulates that the corruption of the system begins through detachment. This detachment follows the main departments or levels of government including the executive, legislature and judiciary. It also extends to the nearest and most relevant sections of the criminal justice system including the police, probation and the prison service. Detachment allows public officials to sanitize the full impact of their corrupt practices on the communities they are supposed to be serving. (b) Chapter 2: This chapter demonstrates how systemic corruption has supported and enhanced the blatant violation of all the basic human rights. It explores the contested themes of police brutality, bigotry, delayed justice, cover ups, malicious prosecutions and false imprisonment. Corruption allows the system to become desensitized to the horrors of the worst human rights violations. The abusers become the norm. (c) Chapter 3: This chapter considers one of the most egregious and overt forms of corruption in the judicial system. It tackles the various forms of bribery and misappropriation which cover a range of sub topics such as: petty bribery, embezzlement, influence peddling, extortion and links to organized crime. The basic thesis is that corruption allows for the worst abuses of office to occur without raising serious complaints from colleagues or the public at large. (d) Chapter 4: In this chapter, we explore the insidious and poisonous impact of political interference on the administration of justice. The chapter highlights some of the key areas of concern including arbitrary prosecutions, political prisoners, pardons and commutations, election of judicial officers and the violation of court orders. The thesis of the chapter is that political impunity upends the administration of criminal justice. (e) Chapter 5: In this chapter we critique the criminal justice systems that have not been able to overcome their colonial and post-colonial biases. Some of the areas that are explored include detached and inhuman officers; torture and persecution; cruel and unusual punishment; inappropriate laws; and punitive vs. rehabilitative justice. The chapter argues that the criminal justice system can only be effective if it is relevant to the needs of the contemporary population. (f) Chapter 6: This chapter examines the diverse and important role of civil society in identifying, highlighting and even dealing with corruption in the judicial system. The chapter analyses a number of dimensions including research, exposure, bail/remand reform, prosecutions, advocacy and training/development activities. The basic premise of the chapter is that civil society must be properly equipped before it can engage with and overcome corrupt systems. (g) Chapter 7: In this chapter we examine the themes of mob justice and vigilantism. The chapter analyses the general disillusionment with the system as well as the complicity of certain law enforcement officers. It also discusses the impact of weak systems and the lack of resources in the judicial system. The chapter looks at the growing incidence of vigilantism as well as the role of the media in crime and justice. The premise of the chapter is that society is so broken that the only recourse is for individuals to take the law into their own hands. (h) Chapter 8: In this chapter we examine the internationalization of the criminal justice system. It examines the criminal court, Interpol, records, immigration and supranational regulations. The chapter argues that the internationalization of the criminal justice system has not yet been able to create the kind of atmosphere that prevents rampant abuse. As a consequence, some countries have much more robust systems of operation than others. (i) Chapter 9: This chapter focuses on the issues of training and professionalism within the criminal justice system. It explains how an understanding of the law and the community can help to overcome some of the correlates of corruption. The chapter also examines the issues of public relations, pay/terms of service and human psychology to explain why corruption may arise within the institution. (j) Chapter 10: This chapter focuses on the reform agenda and its relation to the fight against corruption in the criminal justice system. The chapter covers the thematic issues of responsive policing, truth and reconciliation, post release management of offenders, human rights guarantees and a generalized overhaul of the system. This book is aimed at those undergraduate students that have an interest in the administration of criminal justice across the globe. It is an introductory book that covers some of the major themes that have characterized this aspect of community life.

Corruption and Criminal Justice

Wade, Anne

For many years there has been a general transformation in the global view of development and globalization. Since the late 19th century, the world has put emphasis on the dimensional changes associated with the internalization of globalization. Much focus has been put on the growth of economies, accompanied with a general view of the world as a global village. As a mean of moving towards economic independency and social progress, most of the developing countries have been forced to change the direction of their economic wheels and steer their development engines through by concentrating on globalization. Therefore, the topic of globalization and development remains to be an important field, which not only calls for research but also requires a global touch. The situation in developing countries today calls for development policies relating to particular countries. The ideal strategies for addressing these major issues have been significantly captured in this book.Much emphasis is put on the nature of globalization and its influence on the social welfare. The wide coverage on the issues relating to globalization and development is meant to shade more light on the prerequisites and influence of globalization on the human development index, (HDI). It is important to acknowledge the fact that economic development and growth is a three-dimensional aspect. Most developing countries are still indebted to the countries in the G8 group. The only way to come up with strategy to eliminate this over dependence on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and heavy borrowing from the global financial institutions, such as World Bank, is to find a way of promoting global markets through proper integration of common markets. This is just one of the main ideologies behind the foundation of this book.This book is written with the mission of bringing out the true picture of the impacts globalization has on the development aspect, more so in less developed countries of Africa, Middle East and Asia. The book provides a systematic review of various literatures on development, social welfare, education, trade and globalization. The book borrows its theories from the classical economists like Adam Smith, Pigou and John Maynard Keynes to illustrate on various theoretical aspects of the topic, "Globalization and Development."

Globalization and Development

When the educationists have admitted the importance of special education for individuals having special needs, there has been a lot of effort to make sure that all children should have an access to special education. As far as the early childhood education is concerned, it is one of the most important steps forward to help children with special needs, to guarantee that the children learn the skills right at the start and eventually develop these effective skills through proper guidance and help.The major reason as to why the early childhood education is encouraged is that, when the individuals are given a chance to overcome their impaired abilities in their childhood years, the chances are better that the children would be able to fight the issues back in a more efficient manner and the output can be better as compared to when they start learning in their later years.This book covers all matters and various aspects of early childhood education systems and schools. The book also covers the most important things regarding how special education is administered in various kinds of schools, what possibilities are there and how it can help children with certain disabilities and special needs through proper assessment procedures and different tactics.It also covers the distinctive ways and factors that affect the special education system and would definitely help in knowing the basics of early childhood special education essentials that may lead to further development of best practices to help children and adults acquire better learning skills through specialized systems.

Early Childhood Special Education

Wagan, Emelyn Cereno

Research and Innovation in Tourism Industry

This book is dedicated to the field of human resource management. It discusses the function since its evolution as an administrative appendage to its current position of strategic business partner. All HR functions are presented with their constituents. Attempts are made to ensure that all relevant contemporary discussions are included for each function. This book is intended for readers who are as much in love and curious about the applications of subject as the author. The field of human resource management is not only associated with business but has a deep connection with human values and philosophy. The ultimate aim of any good HR practitioner is to create a work environment that supports individual satisfaction, development, and growth which translates into better organizational outcomes.The first chapter talks about the evolution of human resource management, throwing light on the various interpretations of the term since its inception. All HR functions and terms commonly referred by HR practitioners are introduced and explained. A special focus is on linking the inter-relationships between the functions and the managerial duties and responsibilities.The second chapter describes what is meant by a strategy and how human resource management can be used as a valuable tool in strategy building and implementation. A number of levels, approaches, and models of strategy are elaborated upon for the readers' benefit. The third chapter discusses the roles and responsibilities of a HR practitioner with an emphasis on the part played by ethics. A number of models describing roles are presented which provide a peek into the changing position of HR in the organizations.Chapter 5 presents the resourcing function, beginning with Human Resource Planning - its need, benefits, and process. Recruitment and its methods are discussed at length with their pros, cons and suitability. The process of selection and various methods that can be used and when they should be used are analyzed next. Talent management and how it can be implemented in organizations is also discussed. The sixth chapter delves into all aspects of human resource development. Induction, training, development and learning are all discussed with the help of relevant theories, and models. Learning methods, their suitability, and evaluation of training are deliberated upon. The seventh chapter talks about performance management. The intricate linkage between this function and others is presented along with the different methods that can be used to measure performances. The limitations of performance methods are discussed with ways of removing and limiting such factors.The last chapter deliberates on reward management and what constitutes a reward in modern organizations. Creating a perfect reward strategy is necessary for the success of an organization. Various methods of determining the reward are presented including a detailed discussion on the methods of job evaluation.

Human Resource Management in Emerging Markets

Tahir, Sumbul

Sustainability Assessment

Gonzalez, Elisa Gomez

Science & Math

There has been a lot of buzz about the changes in the way business is conducted, new techniques, new processes, new methods, new focus and outlook but advancements in technology has changed the whole paradigm of business methods. Past three decades have seen more changes in business operation than the rest of millennium. It was considered to be a seller’s market until globalization and Michael Porter’s work on competitive came. Then the markets transformed from seller’s markets to buyer’s market. The competition has shot up astronomically. Most of the products have entered into a commodity market. There are competitors, substitutes available for the similar products giving the customers a huge range to choose from. In this competition, the companies tried to gain competitive advantage, by lowering costs or by providing better quality. Competitive advantage until recently was considered only into economical aspect. Better sales, better profits, market share etc. and the methods and techniques used were also direct or improving efficiency and attaining economies of scale. This notion has been challenged robustly in the recent times. Companies are looking for resources and capabilities outside the company’s four walls. Which bring us to the company’s supply chain. Now there has been tremendous research and advancements in this field of supply chain and implementation of information technology has changed the rules of the game completely. Companies and organizations are no longer competing individually. The competition has changed its playfield to supply chains. The supply chains have become more important than ever. The companies have understood, better managing supply chains can lead to economies of scale and if played properly and carefully, effective and efficient supply chains can be source of competitive advantage.With markets changing continuously, supply chains have to adapt and change. Traditional supply chain management cannot be enough in today’s competitive world. In the market as competitive as today companies need to have an efficient supply chain. Companies have exploited supplier relationships, supply chain integration, information technology and recently sustainable and green supply chains to attain competitive advantage.But as we mentioned earlier markets are changing and have been dynamic, similarly a competitive advantage attained is not an assurance that it would carry forward into future as well. The understanding of competitive advantage has also expanded. Perception of an organization amongst the customers and in market can also be a competitive advantage. Companies have indulged in attainment of sustainable competitive advantage. Resources and capabilities are being converted into dynamic resources and dynamic capabilities. Information has played a major role in market transformation. Companies try to gather as much information they can analyze and utilize it to make rational and better decisions. Companies have knowledge management as an important factor that can be a direct source of competitive advantage and this allows innovation.

Supply Chain Management: A way tosustainable competitive advantage

Thosar, Vishram

Research on Emerging Markets

Jain, Surbhi

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