Materials and Apparatus in Quantum Radiophysics

Science & Math

N. G.Basov

Mathematics

Plenum Publishing Corporation

The present volume of this series, following the tradition of the previous volumes, covers three major lines of research on crystallization: growth from vapor and epitaxy, growth from solution, and growth from melt. As in the previous volumes, preference is given to papers that provide original results and reviews of results obtained by the authors and those from published sources, although some of the papers are either purely original or purely of review character. The first section deals with crystal growth from vapor and epitaxy and contains three papers. One of them, on artificial epitaxy, discusses and reviews published results from the last three years in this rapidly developing area. The results are used in outlining mechanisms for oriented film growth on amorphous substrates. Another paper in this section deals with classical epitaxy, namely oriented growth on single-crystal substrates, where some important conclusions are drawn from the growth of gallium nitride films on sapphire, which concern the orientation relationships in that pair of substances. The last paper in the section deals with film growth under ion bombardment (the corresponding techniques in film crystallization have already advanced from theory to practical applications).

Growth of Crystals

E. I. Givargizov,J. E. Bradley,S. A. Grinberg

This book is intended to provide a practical introduction to high-speed, high-efficiency liquid chromatography. It covers modern column technology (which has leapt into prominence only in the last five years) and relates this to the well-established thin-layer techniques. The development of liquid chromatography has proceeded in fits and starts over many years and in alliance with various scientific disciplines. Liquid chromatography has for years fulfilled an effective role in various fields. Ion-exchange chromatography, for example, is particularly associated with the separation of the rare earths, and exclusion chromatography with the fractionation of naturally occurring materials like proteins and of syn­ thetic polymers. Partition chromatography, especially in the form of paper chromatography, has been an indispensable tool in the study of biochemical systems, while its more recent adsorption counterpart, thin-layer chromatog­ raphy, developed most rapidly within the pharmacognosic and pharma­ ceutical fields. Until recently, however, liquid chromatography has not played a prominent role in the field of industrial organic analysis.

Practical Liquid Chromatography

Roger Amos

Sidney George Perry

P.I. Brewer

Since the publication of an article by G. DoETSCH in 1927 it has been known that the Laplace transform procedure is a reliable sub stitute for HEAVISIDE's operational calculus*. However, the Laplace transform procedure is unsatisfactory from several viewpoints (some of these will be mentioned in this preface); the most obvious defect: the procedure cannot be applied to functions of rapid growth (such as the 2 function tr-+-exp(t)). In 1949 JAN MIKUSINSKI indicated how the un necessary restrictions required by the Laplace transform can be avoided by a direct approach, thereby gaining in notational as well as conceptual simplicity; this approach is carefully described in MIKUSINSKI's textbook "Operational Calculus" [M 1]. The aims of the present book are the same as MIKUSINSKI's [M 1]: a direct approach requiring no un-necessary restrictions. The present operational calculus is essentially equivalent to the "calcul symbolique" of distributions having left-bounded support (see 6.52 below and pp. 171 to 180 of the textbook "Theorie des distributions" by LAURENT SCHWARTZ).

Operational Calculus

Gregers Krabbe

In writing this book I had two main objectives: (1) to teach the organic chemist how to interpret proton magnetic resonance spectra, and (2) to provide the reference data which are constantly needed in the use of proton spectra. I have felt that it was im portant to point out not only the information which can be gained from spectra, but also the limitations and the potential pitfalls. All of the important facts are organized into tabular summaries. Every effort has been made to present the material clearly, con cisely, completely, and accurately. At the same time, subjects not directly related to the interpretation of spectra have been omitted. Thus, while the conclusions drawn from theory are presented, the theory itself has been avoided. There are a number of advantages in learning the empirical facts before learning the theory. First of all, in interpreting spectra one usually has to rely on his knowledge of the accumulated empirical correlations much more than on his knowledge of the theory. In fact, one could know all of the theory and still not b~ able to interpret spectra unless he also knew the empirical facts. Secondly, the theory is much more easilyunderstoodafter the facts have been mastered.

Interpretation of NMR Spectra: An Empirical Approach

Bible, Roy H.

Chemistry

The last decade has seen radical changes in our understand ing of the physical properties of semiconductors. It has been es tablished that the energy spectrum of electrons is much more complex than had originally been predicted: in many cases, there are several energy bands with different parameters. It has been found that the effective carrier mass, which had been assumed to be constant for a given material, depends on the carrier energy, temperature, pressure, and even the nature and number of de fects. Our understanding of the mechanism of the motion and scat tering of carriers, recombination mechanisms, and interaction with electromagnetic radiation has also changed. New applications of semiconducting materials have been discovered and old ones have been extended; these include high-power devices, devices sensitive to infrared radiation, and lasers. The visible evidence of the pro gress is in the form of hundreds of publications, some of which re port extremely refined and comprehensive investigations of semi conducting materials. A scientist concerned with investigations or applications of semiconducting materials or devices cannot ignore these publica tions because of the possibility of repeating work already done or of committing serious error. s. On the other hand, a beginner would require years to obtain a thorough understanding of the literature in his own narrow subject, and in many cases this process would be like the chase of a tortoise by Achilles in the paradox of Zeno of Elea (495-435 B. C'>.

Semiconducting Lead Chalcogenides (Monographs in Semiconductor Physics)

Iurii Isaakovich Ravich

In recent years remarkable progress has been made in the development of materials for ultrasonic transducers. There is a continuing trend towards increasingly higher frequency ranges for the application of ultrasonic trans­ ducers in modern technology. The progress in this area has been especially rapid and articles and papers on the subject are scattered over numerous technical and scientific journals in this country and abroad. Although good books have appeared on ultrasonics in general and ultrasonic transducers in particular in which, for obvious reasons, materials play an important part, no comprehensive treatise is available that represents the state-of-the-art on modern ultrasonic transducer materials. This book intends to fill a need for a thorough review of the subject. Not all materials are covered of which, theoretically, ultrasonic trans­ ducers could be made but those that are or may be of technical impor­ tance and which have inherent electro acoustic transducer properties, i.e., materials that are either magnetostrictive, electrostrictive, or piezoelectric. The book has been devided into three parts which somewhat reflect the historic development of ultrasonic transducer materials for important tech­ nical application. Chapter 1 deals with magnetostrictive materials, magnetostrictive met­ als and their alloys, and magnetostrictive ferrites (polycrystalline ceramics). The metals are useful especially in cases where ruggednes of the transducers are of overriding importance and in the lower ultrasonic frequency range.

Ultrasonic Transducer Materials (Ultrasonic Technology)

Engineering & Transportation

Don Berlincourt

Engineering

ment of mental retardation as in the young human. These two facts together suggest that the disrup tion of brain protein synthesis by high phenylala mine levels in infants may account for the mental retardation observed later in these children. Much work remains to be done to confi~m this possibility. However, it is clear from the review and research described by Waisman that neurochemis try has the tools that will lead to an understand ing of - and therefore perhaps control of - these inborn errors of metabolism which otherwise can lead to lifetimes of personal tragedy for the af fected persons and their families. The final section of these Proceedings deals with neurochemical processes which occur during brief behavioral experiences, particularly learn ing. The reported research has been motivated by the search for processes which underlie the encoding of memory, although the identification of these processes is not yet certain in the various studies. Geller and Jarvik begin with a discussion of short term and long term memory storage processes, and describe the induction of retrograde amnesia by various agents as evidence for these processes.

Biochemistry of Brain and Behavior: Proceedings of a Symposium held at The University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, Wisconsin May 25–26, 1970

Robert E. Bowman

Health, Fitness & Dieting

One of the characteristics of the development of chemical science in the middle of the present century is the vigorous pro gress of the "third chemistry," which is often named now the chemistry of heteroorganic compounds. Then in the last decade, among specialists in this field there has been a marked increase in interest in heteroatomic organic derivatives of silicon, i. e. , heteroorganic silicon compounds. However, until recently this new class of chemical substances, which is extremely interesting theoretically and practically, has been without a single specialized monograph which systematizes and generalizes all progress in the heteroorganic chemistry of silicon. The first attempt in this direction was our book "Heteroorganic Compounds of Silicon" [42 (F), 17 (S) *], which appeared at the end of 1966 and was published as an English translation in the USA in 1969. However, as follows from its subtitle "Derivatives of Inorganic Elements," this mono graph could not cover the whole broad field of the chemistry of heteroorganic compounds of silicon. The main reason for this was above all the abundance and variety of original investigations of organosilicon derivatives of inorganic elements, which was un expected even to the authors themselves. As a result of this the planned length of the book compelled us to omit the sections on organosilicon compounds of phosphorus and sulfur, which had al ready been prepared for publication.

Organosilicon Derivatives of Phosphorus and Sulfur (Monographs in Inorganic Chemistry)

S. Borisov Sergei Nikolaevich Borisov

Although today differential psychology embraces a large and ever-increasing body of facts, conclusions, and practical recommendations which have wide applicability, a number of critical problems are still unresolved or only partly resolved. One of the most important of these is the relationship between individual variations in human behavior and in dividual features of a range of correlated physiological functions. Adequate concepts exist for understanding individual variations in some physiological functions underlying specific aspects (speed, tempo, rhythm, amplitude) of the flow of psychical activity. This fact alone is of considerable importance, especially when we consider that such dynamic features can-and sometimes do in a fundamental way-modulate psychological functioning. If we consider, in addition, that in certain circumstances these variables have a direct and sometimes decisive effect on the final behavioral outcome, it seems obvious that the parameters of physiologically active systems determine a number of important features of complex human behavior. According to Pavlov, the most important of these is that system com prising central nervous system properties, which determine the generation of excitatory and inhibitory processes in the structures of the central nervous system. The concept of basic nervous system properties as leading parameters of the psychophysiological organization of individuality seems to be one of the outstanding achievements of the Pavlovian school. It provided the framework within which investigators could attempt to determine ex perimentally individual features of behavior and reactivity.

Fundamental Properties of the Human Nervous System (Monographs in Psychology)

V.D. Nebylitsyn

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