Based on his extensive study of French coal miners in the early 20th century, Cohn (sociology, Texas A&M U.) throws light on the weaknesses of the US labor movement, and proposes strategies for workers in a wide variety of tactical situations. He analyzes such implications of strikes as the financia

When Strikes Make Sense-And Why: Lessons from Third Republic French Coal Miners (Plenum Studies in Work and Industry)

Business & Money

Samuel Cohn

Management & Leadership

Plenum Pub Corp

The diffusion or migration of atoms in matter, of whatever form, is a basic consequence of the existence of atoms. In metals, atomic diffusion has a well established position of importance as it is recognized that there are few metallurgical processes which do not embody the diffusion of one or more of the constituents. As regards semiconductors any thermal annealing treatment involves atomic diffusion. In semiconductor technology diffusion processes provide a vital and basic means of fabricating doped structures. Notwithstanding the importance of diffusion in the preparative processes of semiconductor structures and samples, the diffusion based aspects have acquired an empirical outlook verging almost on alchemy. The first attempt to present a systematic account of semiconductor diffusion processes was made by Boltaks [11 in 1961. During the decade since Boltaks' book appeared much work germane to understanding the atomic mechanisms responsible for diffusion in semiconductors has been published. The object of the present book is to give an account of, and to consolidate, present knowledge of semiconductor diffusion in terms of basic concepts of atomic migration in crystalline lattices. To this end, exhaustive compilations of empirical data have been avoided as these are available elsewhere [2, 31 : attention has been limited to considering evidence capable of yielding insight into the physical processes concerned in atomic diffusion.

Atomic Diffusion in Semiconductors

Science & Math

Shaw, D.

Chemistry

In the spring of 1963, a well-known research institute made a market survey to assess how many scanning electron microscopes might be sold in the United States. They predicted that three to five might be sold in the first year a commercial SEM was available, and that ten instruments would saturate the marketplace. In 1964, the Cambridge Instruments Stereoscan was introduced into the United States and, in the following decade, over 1200 scanning electron microscopes were sold in the U. S. alone, representing an investment conservatively estimated at $50,000- $100,000 each. Why were the market surveyers wrongil Perhaps because they asked the wrong persons, such as electron microscopists who were using the highly developed transmission electron microscopes of the day, with resolutions from 5-10 A. These scientists could see little application for a microscope that was useful for looking at surfaces with a resolution of only (then) about 200 A. Since that time, many scientists have learned to appreciate that information content in an image may be of more importance than resolution per se. The SEM, with its large depth of field and easily that often require little or no sample prepara interpreted images of samples tion for viewing, is capable of providing significant information about rough samples at magnifications ranging from 50 X to 100,000 X. This range overlaps considerably with the light microscope at the low end, and with the electron microscope at the high end.

Practical Scanning Electron Microscopy: Electron and Ion Microprobe Analysis

Goldstein, Joseph

Experiments, Instruments & Measurement

For ten days, a number of neuroscientists met at Reisensburg to attend a series of lectures and discussions, an Institute, on animal learning. The students were drawn from a wide variety of disciplines, including anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacology, physiol ogy and zoology. It is probably true to say that many of them had at best a sketchy knowledge about the learning behavior of animals, about the conditions which are necessary for learning to take place and about the theories that psychologists have constructed about the learning processes. Was the Institute of any benefit to those neuro scientists whose interests lay in studying the functioning of the nervous system by manipulating it or probing it in some direct way? Some twenty years ago the answer to this question would probably have been "No"; and there is a very good reason why this view might have been held, especially by students of the mammalian nervous system. At that time most investigators used anaesthetised animals, or animals immobilized in some other way such as by surgically isolating the brain from the spinal cord, by dividing the brain at various levels or through the use of paralyzing agents. These con ditions achieved two things. On the one hand, they allowed sub stantial advances to be made, particularly in the analysis of sensory processing and in the analysis of the neuronal mechanisms of relatively simple reflex action. On the other hand, the experi mental conditions virtually eliminated complex behavior.

Animal Learning (NATO Asi Series A, Life Sciences Vol 19)

Politics & Social Sciences

Bitterman, M.E.

Lolordo, Overmeir

Social Sciences

H. KLEINPOPPEN AND J. F. WILLIAMS It has only very recently become possible to study angular correlations and coherence effects in different areas of atomic collision processes: These investigations have provided us with an analysis of experimental data in terms of scattering amplitudes and their phases, of target parameters such as orientation, alignment, and state multipoles, and also of coherence parameters (e. g. , the degree of coherence of excita tion). In this way the analysis of electron-photon, ion-photon, atom-photon, or electron-ion coincidences from electron-atom, ion-atom, or atom-atom collisional excitation has led to a breakthrough such that the above quantities represent most crucial and sensitive tests for theories of atomic collision processes. Similarly, the powerful (e, 2e) experiments (electron-electron coincidences from impact ionization of atoms) have attracted much attention where improved experimental studies and detailed theoretical description provide a wealth of information on either the col lisional ionization process or the atomic structure of the target atom. Interference effects, many-electron correlations, and energy and angular momen tum exchange between electrons in a Coulomb field playa decisive role in the under standing of postcollision interactions. New results on coherence effects and orienta tion and alignment in collisional processes of ions with surfaces and crystal lattices show links to relevant interference phenomena in atomic collisions. In small-angle elastic electron-atom scattering the effect of angular coherence can be studied in a crossed beam experiment.

Coherence and Correlation in Atomic Collisions (Physics of Atoms and Molecules)

Kleinpoppen, H.

Williams (editors)

Physics

This book examines scientific achievement in biological nitrogen fixation, with special focus on the advantages and limitations of genetic engineering as it relates to nitrogen fixation and biomass productivity.

Linking Research to Crop Production

Engineering & Transportation

Staples, Richard C. & Ronald J. Kuhr

Engineering

The Fourth Conference on Fibrous Composites in Structural Design was a successor to the First-to-Third Conferences on Fibrous Composites in Flight Vehicle Design sponsored by the Air Force (First and Second Conferences, September 1973 and May 1974) and by NASA (Third Conference, November 1975) which were aimed at focusing national attention on flight vehicle applications of a new class of fiber reinforced materials, the advanced com posites, which afforded weight savings and other advantages which had not been previously available. The Fourth Conference, held at San Diego, California, 14-17 November 1978, was the fi rst of these conferences to be jointly sponsored by the Army, Navy and Ai r Force together with NASA, as well as being the first to give attention to non-aerospace applications of fiber reinforced composites. While the design technology for aerospace applications has reached a state of relative maturity, other areas of application such as mi litary bridging, flywheel energy storage systems, ship and surface vessel components and ground vehicle components are in an early stage of development, and it was an important objective to pinpoint where careful attention to structural design was needed in such applications to achfeve maximum structural performance payoff together with a high level of reliability and attractive economics.

Fibrous Composites in Structural Design

Lenoe, Edward

Reviews from the First Edition: "An excellent text ? The postulates of quantum mechanics and the mathematical underpinnings are discussed in a clear, succinct manner." (American Scientist) "No matter how gently one introduces students to the concept of Dirac?s bras and kets, many are turned off. Shankar attacks the problem head-on in the first chapter, and in a very informal style suggests that there is nothing to be frightened of." (Physics Bulletin) Reviews of the Second Edition: "This massive text of 700 and odd pages has indeed an excellent get-up, is very verbal and expressive, and has extensively worked out calculational details---all just right for a first course. The style is conversational, more like a corridor talk or lecture notes, though arranged as a text. ? It would be particularly useful to beginning students and those in allied areas like quantum chemistry." (Mathematical Reviews) R. Shankar has introduced major additions and updated key presentations in this second edition of Principles of Quantum Mechanics. New features of this innovative text include an entirely rewritten mathematical introduction, a discussion of Time-reversal invariance, and extensive coverage of a variety of path integrals and their applications. Additional highlights include: - Clear, accessible treatment of underlying mathematics - A review of Newtonian, Lagrangian, and Hamiltonian mechanics - Student understanding of quantum theory is enhanced by separate treatment of mathematical theorems and physical postulates - Unsurpassed coverage of path integrals and their relevance in contemporary physics The requisite text for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students, Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition is fully referenced and is supported by many exercises and solutions. The book?s self-contained chapters also make it suitable for independent study as well as for courses in applied disciplines.

Principles of Quantum Mechanics

RAMAMURTI SHANKAR

It is now time for a comprehensive treatise to look at the whole field of electrochemistry. The present treatise was conceived in 1974, and the earliest invitations to authors for contributions were made in 1975. The completion of the early volumes has been delayed by various factors. There has been no attempt to make each article emphasize the most recent situation at the expense of an overall statement of the modern view. This treatise is not a collection of articles from Recent Advances in Electrochemistry or Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry. It is an attempt at making a mature statement about the present position in the vast area of what is best looked at as a new interdisciplinary field. Texas A & M University J. O'M. Bockris University of Ottawa B. E. Conway Case Western Reserve University Ernest Yeager & M University Texas A Ralph E. White Preface to Volume 2 This volume brings together some dozen processes well known to the electro chemist and treats them according to their various degrees of importance. The production of hydrogen is one of the more important processes, particularly with respect to the prospects of a hydrogen economy. No one would doubt, however, that the most commercially important electrochemical processes at the present time are the production of aluminum and of chlorine. Each of these processes has a separate chapter devoted to it.

Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry: Electrochemical Processing (Advances in Neuroprotection)

Bockris, J. and Brian E. Conway

Does the solution to our energy crisis depend upon the de velopment of coal, nuclear, solar, or some other energy source? Are we better off because science and technology have made us less vulnerable to natural catastrophes? How, in fact, do we see ourselves now in relation to our natural world? The answers to these questions lie as much within the humanities as in the sciences. Problems as seemingly unrelated as our vulnerability to OPEC oil price hikes or a smog alert in Los Angeles or Tokyo often have common, hidden causes. One of these causes is simply the way our society sees its place in nature. There are many reasons for the heavy demand for oil. Among these we vii viii I PREFACE can include desire for industrial growth, hopes for improved living standards, mobility through automobiles and rapid transportation systems, and, not least, an attempt to loosen the constraints on man imposed by nature. These constraints and man's concomitant dependence upon nature are exam ples of the intense and finely interwoven relationship be tween man and nature, a relationship that constitutes a pri mordial bond forged long before the era of modem technology. Similarly, man has explored this primordial bond through the humanities for all the centuries prior to our present techno logical age. As we will see in this exploration, the bond un derlies many of the environmental and technological prob lems we have come to label the ecological crisis.

The Primordial Bond: Exploring Connections between Man and Nature through the Humanities and Sciences

Schneider, Stephen Henry, and Lynne Morton

Biological Sciences

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