The best protection against environmental mutagens is to identify them before they ever come into general use. But it is always possible that some substance will escape detection and affect a large number of persons without this being realized until later generations. This article considers ways in which such a genetic emergency might be promptly detected. A mutation-detecting system should be relevant in that it tests for effects that are as closely related as possible to those that are feared. It should be sensitive enough to detect a moderate increase in mutation rate, able to discover the increase promptly before more damage is done, responsive to various kinds of mutational events, and designed in such a way as to maxi mize the probability that the Gause of an increase can be found. Methods based on germinal mutation necessarily involve enormous numbers of persons and tests. On the other hand, with somatic mutations the individual cell becomes the unit of measurement rather than the in dividual person. For this reason, I think that somatic tests are preferable to germinal tests, despite the fact that it is germinal mutations which are feared.

Chemical Mutagens: Principles and Methods for Their Detection: Volume 2

Science & Math

Hollaender, Alexander

Chemistry

New York, New York, U.S.A.: Plenum Pub Corp

At the 1980 Christmas meetings of the American Society of zoologists in Seattle, Washington, the Division of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry sponsored a symposium on the locomo tion and exercise of arthropods. This book is an outgrowth of that symposium. To our knowledge, the symposium and this volume are the first attempts to deal with all of the major modes of locomotion (flight, swimming, and pedestrian travel) among the arthropods in a comprehensive fashion. The time seems propitious to focus on arthropod locomotion. In the last decade enormous strides have been made in understand ing locomotion - both arthropod and vertebrate alike. There has been an explosion of new ideas, new techniques, and new data. These deserve greater attention and discussion than is possible in specialized journals. Hopefully this book will fill this gap; moreover, it should serve as a benchmark for newcomers to see what has happened to date and perhaps act as a launching pad for re search to come. Whatever the case, a symposium volume such as this serves to highlight our current strengths and weaknesses. In the present case it reveals the relative abundance of information on flying and walking and the dearth of data available on swimming; it exposes the fact that insects and crustaceans are fairly well studied and arachnids are not.

Locomotion and Energetics in Arthropods

Herreid, Clyde

Mathematics

The previous volume, The Pathogenesis of Alcoholism: Psychosocial Factors, attempted to describe the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors that lead to the initiation and perpetuation of alcoholism. The preface to that volume presented our particular view of the bio-. psycho-social interaction as a progressive process in which earlier developments produce new pathogenetic mechanisms, which in turn lead to still other cyclical feedback activities. Although influences from each of the three phenomenologic levels are at work during each stage of the clinical course, it would appear that social factors are most significant in the early phase, psychological factors at the intermediate level, and biological ones toward the end. These differences are only relative, however, for influences of all three types surely are operative during all stages of the syndrome. This appears to be particularly true for the biological parameters of activity. Don Goodwin (1976), who has supplied much of the data that support the role of hereditary factors in alcoholism, is wont to say that all living behavior is biological-by definition. The operational evidence for this is perhaps more evident in alcoholism than in other syndromes. For example, the general social indifference of many Asians to alcohol may reflect the presence of an atypical isoenzyme of alcohol dehydrogenase rather than some independently derived cultural norm.

The Biology of Alcoholism: Vol. 7 The Pathogenesis of Alcoholism: Biological Factors

Kissin, Benjamin

Health, Fitness & Dieting

The rapidly expanding use of very low temperatures in research and high technology during the last several decades and the concurrent high degree of activity in cryogenic engineering have mutually supported each other, each improvement in refrigeration technique making possible wider oppor tunities for research and each new scientific discovery creating a need for a refrigerator with special features. In this book, Professor Walker has provided us with an excellent exposition of the achievements of this period, the fundamental principles involved, and a critical examination of the many different cryogenic systems which have led to a new era of low-level refrigeration. I feel fortunate to have had a part in the developments discussed in this book. During the early 1930s I constructed several rotary engines using leather vanes. Their performance was not good, but I was able to liquefy air. I had been impressed by the usefulness of leather cups in tire pumps and in Claude-type engines for air liquefaction. I was trying to find a way to avoid that part of the friction generated by a leather cup as a result of the radial force of the working gas on the cylindrical part of the cup. During the 1950s I built two efficient helium liquefiers in which essentially leather pistons were used.

Cryocoolers: Part 2: Applications (International Cryogenics Monograph Series)

Walker, Graham

Physics

This volume contains papers presented at a NATO Advanced Re search Workshop Programme entitled "Trace element speciation in sur face waters and its ecological implications", held in Nervi (Genoa), Italy from November 2-4, 1981. It was co-sponsored by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO, in conjunction with its Eco-Sciences Panel, and by the Associazione Italiana di Oceanologia e Limnologia. The organizing expenses and the expenses of the chairman and all in vited participants were provided by the North Atlantic Treaty Organ ization. The scientific programme was planned by Dr. G.G. Leppard (Chief Organizer, Canada) together with Dr. O. Ravera (Eco-Sciences Panel, Italy),Dr. R. Mayer (Eco-Sciences Panel, Germany), Dr. R. Baudo (Chairman of the Local Organizing Committee, Italy), Dr. H. Muntau (Secretary of the Local Organizing Committee, Italy), and Dr. R. de Bernardi (President A.I.O.L., Italy). The final programme established by Dr. G.G. Leppard was based on one suggested by the NATO Eco-Sciences Panel and developed by Drs. R. Baudo, H. Muntau and O. Ravera.

Trace Element Speciation in Surface Waters and Its Ecological Implications (Nato Conference Series)

NATO Advanced Research Workshop Program on Trace Elements Speciation I

North Atl

Freud and Modern Psychology: The Emotional Basis of Human Behavior (Emotions, Personality, and Psychotherapy)

Freud's discovery of an emotional basis for mental illness led him to pursue the emotional basis of human behavior in general. This pursuit led him to undertake observational studies of dreams (1900), everyday mistakes (1901), sexuality (1905b), character formation (1908, 1931), jokes (1905a), and the origin of guilt (1913). Volume 2 of Freud and Modern Psychology examines the texts of each of these major writings in general psychology, continuing to explore the contradiction between Freud's observations about the power of emotions and his narrow the oretical formulations about human behavior. Volume 2 also reviews the remarkable power of the uniquely moral emotions of shame and guilt not only to create psychiatric symptoms, as discussed in Volume 1, but to infiltrate our nightly dreams, create everyday parapraxes, influence the development of sexuality, specify the emotional release in jokes, shape personality, and "create" human culture. As we saw in Volume 1, we shall see again in Volume 2 that Freud's theoretical difficulties arose from the absence of a viable theory of human nature as cultural, that is, social by biological origin. In a the oretical framework based on the cultural nature of human nature, the emotions and the social cohesion are reciprocally related to each other. The emotions are the means of the social cohesion which, in turn, is the means by which the emotions, including shame and guilt, are formed in infancy.

Lewis, Helen Block

Psychology & Counseling

The Changing Definition of Masculinity is an outgrowth of four years of developing and teaching the course "Social Factors in Male Personality" at Ohio State University, Columbus. This volume reflects, in addition to my thoughts and feelings about what should be discussed in a sex-roles course taught from a male per spective, the thoughts, feelings, and knowledge of scores of students, col leagues, and friends. These are persons who either have taken the course or discussed with me appropriate material to be included in such a course and/or book. Chapter 1, for example, is influenced greatly by the work of Eliza beth and Joseph Pleck's The American Man, dealing with the periods of masculinity in the United States up to 1965. The chapter also deals with emerging meanings of masculinity after 1965, and female and male responses to these meanings. The second chapter is devoted to male sex-role socialization and examines the roles of biology and environment in male socialization. It is also concerned with agents of male socialization and with male assumption of such sex-role traits as dominance, competitiveness, the work ethic, and violence. In Chapter 2, I also propose two general mas culine roles frequently assumed by American males which mayor may not be race-specific-the White masculine role and the Black masculine role.

The Changing Definition of Masculinity (Perspectives in Sexuality)

Franklin, Clyde W.

For a number of years, we have been teaching a course on the chemical, meta bolic, and nutritional aspects of lipids to graduate and postdoctoral students in the health sciences at the University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles. The course was taught in an "open-ended" manner-that is, after each subject was introduced, a discussion was continued for as long as necessary to explore thoroughly its cur rent status. It became evident that no text was available that could supplement the lectures adequately. This book is an attempt to remedy the deficiency and to treat extensively-although not exhaustively-most aspects of lipids, ranging from their physical and chemical properties, through biochemistry and metabolic pathways, to their role in nutrition. It is intended, as were the lectures, for those who have a basic knowledge of biochemistry, but wish to increase their know ledge of lipids. These may include graduate or advanced students, investigators preparing to enter research in lipids, clinicians, and, indeed, all those who may profit by an increased awareness ofthe importance oflipids. Although most of the subjects treated are given adequate references, it was not our intention that this book would be a complete reference source. Rather, those publications cited are deemed by the authors of each chapter to be impor tant and to lead to further reading. Inevitably, many more references are given for those subjects in which rapid advances are now being made than for those that are somewhat more static.

Lipids: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Nutrition

Alfin-Slater, Roslyn B.

Mead, James F.

Howton, David R.

Popják, George

Biological Sciences

T. T. Ngo and H. M. Lenhoff Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California, Irvine, CA 92717 In 1959, Yalow and Berson used insulin labeled with radioactive iodine to develop a quantitative immunological method for determining the amount of insulin in human plasma. Their method depends upon ~ competition between insulin labeled with radioactive iodine (II 1) and unlabeled insulin from plasma for a fixed and limited number of specific binding sites on the antibody to insulin. The amount of the labeled insulin bound to the antibody is inversely proportional to the amount of insulin in the plasma sample. Their method, which is so elegantly simple in concept, is made possible by the ability to detect with ease extremely low levels of radioactivity, and by the exquisite specificity of an antibody capable of specifically binding the analyte. Such a combination of sensitivity and specificity is the basis of this versatile analytical tool called radioimmunoassay (RIA). Twelve years later, Engvall and Perlmann (1971) and Van Weemen and Schuurs (1971) independently introduced the use of enzymes as another category of sensitive and even more versatile labels for use in immunoassays. Engvall and Perlmann (l971) coined the term ELISA, which stands for Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay.

Enzyme-Mediated Immunoassay

Ngo, T.T.

This volume addresses some facets of the adverse actions of chemical agents on the central and peripheral nervous systems in developing and mature states. Some of the effects of these chemicals are short-lasting and rapidly reversible; others, especially those that cause structural damage to the nervous system, may result in permanent damage to the organism. The nervous system has several levels of vulnerability to toxic substances. Some substances perturb ion channels or synaptic mechanisms required for the orderly transfer of electrochemical information within the nervous system. Others disrupt sites required for the maintenance of cellular integrity, and these variably result in degenerative responses of neurons and myelinating cells. Further sites of vulnerability include the delicate neural vasculature and neurohumeral mechanisms responsible for physiological homeostasis. The science of neurotoxicology inevitably is a multidisciplinary endeavor, with contributions from biochemistry, physiology, morphology and behavior, to name a few. The challenge is to apply appropriate techniques to investigate neurotoxic phenomena. The first logical step in this analysis is to determine from the point of view of the nervous system the nature of the exposure. Is the chemical a single or multiple entity; is it metabolized; how does it gain access to neural tissue? Once these factors are understood, changes induced by the exposure can be described at various levels from the biochemical to the behavioral.

Recent Advances in Nervous System Toxicology (Nato Science Series A:)

Manzo, Luigi

Galli, Corrado L.

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