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Tactical Nuclear Weapons and NATO

Politics & Social Sciences

Strategic Studies Institute

Politics & Government

Military Bookshop

Provided by the U.S. Army War College, this book is the result of the collaboration of scholars and security experts from many disciplines and nations who have come together to tackle questions that are long overdue for an answer:What role is left, if any, for tactical nuclear arms?What are the strategic implications of their presence or removal?How have the Russian, European, and Russian views evolved on this issue, and how much opportunity is there to bring them into a coordinated agreement? What does it mean for NATO to be a 'nuclear alliance?"Should arms control processes like START or conventional arms control include NSNWs or are tactical nuclear arms so outdated that they should be removed from the agenda and reduced laterally?

<p>In the many decades since the German army smashed into the American lines in the Battle of the Bulge, opinion of the U.S. senior command's leadership capabilities has fluctuated between hero worship and scorn, with the latter view becoming more predominant as the initial glow of victory faded. Rather than a conventional study of the Ardennes offensive, "Generals of the Ardennes: American Leadership in the Battle of the Bulge" studies five examples of American command leadership at different levels to answer two questions: what characteristics of leadership did these generals display, and how did they affect the overall battle? Based on extensive documentation and personal interviews with participants, "Generals of the Ardennes" provides a description and analysis of: Dwight Eisenhower's role as coalition commander; Omar Bradley's direction of the 12th Army Group during the crisis; Lieutenant General William Simpson's contribution to the Ninth Army's part in defeating the German onslaught; Major General Troy Middleton's stand with the VIII Corps in the center of the fighting; Major General Alan Jones and Brigadier General Bruce Clarke and how they dealt with the challenges and confusions at "the point of the spear". Amid the countless books in many languages that tell and retell the history of the Battle of the Bulge, this one is unique in its focus on American generalship during those epic and decisive weeks that turned the tide of World War II in Europe. For that reason, it stands as both a significant history and an important document for the study of command and control. First published in 1994. 452 pages. ill.</p>

Generals of the Ardennes: American Leadership in the Battle of the Bulge

History

Morelock, Jerry D.

Military

In August 1964, thousands of Simba rebels attacked and captured the city of Stanleyville in the newly independent Republic of the Congo and took more than 1,600 European and American residents as hostages, threatening to kill them if any attempt was made to recapture the city. In November of that year, after months of increasingly tense and complex discussions among the governments whose nationals were being held, an airborne assault by Belgian paracommandos dropped by American Air Force planes, combined with a CIA-piloted air strike against the Stanleyville airport, liberated most of the hostages, but only after a Simba-initiated massacre. "Dragon Operations: Hostage Rescues in the Congo, 1964-1965" provides both the political background to these events and a detailed account of the actual operations: Dragon Rouge, the operations in Stanleyville, and Dragon Noir, focused on the city of Paulis, several hundred miles away. The book highlights the difficulties in organizing an international rescue effort with insufficient joint planning and inadequate command and control among the Belgian and American forces, as well as their differing political ideas and goals. The ad hoc nature of the planning was exemplified by an initial American Special Forces plan to air drop its forces east of Stanleyville and float down the river to Stanleyville. This plan was aborted when it was pointed out that the existence of Stanley Falls between the drop zone and the city was an insuperable obstacle. The operation also suffered from the Belgian commander's colonial-era contempt for the numerical strength of the Simbas and American fears of what was in reality a non-existent Communist element in the rebel movement. "Dragon Operations" demonstrates that, despite the slapdash nature of their planning and communications aspects, as well as the distance involved, the austere support, the large number of hostages, and a lack of intelligence data, they were remarkably successful in rescuing most of the hostages. Although less than ideal, the operations worked better than expected, given the conditions under which they were conducted. This important study of an almost forgotten episode of the Cold War has much to offer to military strategists and tacticians, political scientists and students of contemporary history alike. Orginally published in 1988: 236 p. maps. ill.

Dragon Operations: Hostage Rescues in the Congo, 1964-1965

Franks, Frederick M.

Combat Studies Institute

Odom, Thomas P.

Africa

Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low-Intensity Conflict in Korea, 1966-1969

Low-intensity conflict (LIC) often has been viewed as the wrong kind of warfare for the American military, dating back to the war in Vietnam and extending to the present conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. From the American perspective, LIC occurs when the U.S. military must seek limited aims with a relatively modest number of available regular forces, as opposed to the larger commitments that bring into play the full panoply of advanced technology and massive commitments of troops. Yet despite the conventional view, U.S. forces have achieved success in LIC, albeit "under the radar" and with credit largely assigned to allied forces, in a number of counterguerrilla wars in the 1960s. "Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low-Intensity Conflict in Korea, 1966-1969" focuses on what the author calls the Second Korean conflict, which flared up in November 1966 and sputtered to an ill-defined halt more than three years later. During that time, North Korean special operations teams had challenged the U.S. and its South Korean allies in every category of low-intensity conflict - small-scale skirmishes along the Demilitarized Zone between the two Koreas, spectacular terrorist strikes, attempts to foment a viable insurgency in the South, and even the seizure of the USS Pueblo - and failed. This book offers a case study in how an operational-level commander, General Charles H. Bonesteel III, met the challenge of LIC. He and his Korean subordinates crafted a series of shrewd, pragmatic measures that defanged North Korea's aggressive campaign. According to the convincing argument made by "Scenes from an Unfinished War", because the U.S. successfully fought the "wrong kind" of war, it likely blocked another kind of wrong war - a land war in Asia. The Second Korean Conflict serves as a corrective to assumptions about the American military's abilities to formulate and execute a winning counterinsurgency strategy. Originally published in 1991. 180 pages. maps. ill.

Bolger, Colonel Daniel P

The United States Navy and the Vietnam Conflict: Volume I, The Setting of the Stage to 1959

Fitzgerald, Oscar P.

Allard, Dean C.

Hooper, Edwin Bickford

From the calling into existence of the first organized units of African American troops during the Civil War until the late 1940s, the armed forces of the United States were segregated by race. Given the prevailing racial attitudes, especially within America’s military leadership, the process of integration was relatively slow paced, even after President Truman’s 1948 Executive Order officially rendered segregation in the military inoperable. Even civilian employees in the U.S. defense establishment endured the pains of segregation and the slow evolutionary path of its demise. “The Invisible Cryptologists: African-Americans, WW II to 1956” is a study of one small Government agency’s journey away from racial injustice. During World War II, what was then the Signals Intelligence Service (SIS) began hiring African Americans, up until then employed mainly as messengers, to decipher commercial telegraph codes that might contain valuable information emanating from companies in Tokyo, Berlin, and other international locations. After the war, the machine section (or “the plantation,” one of its numerous unflattering nicknames) used African Americans to transfer Russian intercepts from radio tapes to punch cards – a tedious job in hot and dirty conditions without any realistic possibility of promotion up and out. As this monograph documents, things began to change as Truman’s Executive Order and other developments ushered in an era when jobs as polygraph operators and, by the 1950s, linguists and analysts, began to open up. “The Invisible Cryptologists” is at its best when it not only tells the story of American segregation and integration, but allows some of the characters in that story to speak for themselves. As one former employee said, “I was so involved in what the Agency stood for, and I wanted it to be better. I had a feeling things were going to get better. Everybody in there was not evil. I felt that one day African Americans would be able to break out of this box.” Those interested in African American history, the evolution of integration in the armed forces and American society, and the first-person stories of those whose lives were so profoundly affected by this crucial historical development will find “ The Invisible Cryptologists” of great value.

The Invisible Cryptologists: African-Americans, World War II to 1956

Williams, Jeannette

Dickerson, Yolande

Masked Dispatches: Cryptograms and Cryptology in American History, 1775-1900

Weber, Ralph E.

Center for Cryptologic History

The Voynich Manuscript - An Elegant Enigma

The Voynich manuscript, often dubbed “the world’s most mysterious manuscript,” is a remarkable conglomeration, written in an unknown script and language and profusely illustrated with carefully rendered images of unidentified plants, enigmatic astronomical drawings, and puzzling human figures. Known to have existed since the late 16th century, when it was owned by the physician of that most enigmatic of rulers, the Emperor Rudolf II of Austria, it has been labeled variously as a magical manual, a herbarium, and a hoax. Both scholarly researchers and individual enthusiasts have linked this remarkable document to the Hermetic tradition, astrology, demonic and angelic magic, alchemy, the Cabala, and the history of Hindu-Arabic numerals. Many believe that it is an enormous –  and so far indecipherable –  book code within which the secrets of one or more of these subjects are concealed. "The Voynich Manuscript: An Elegant Enigma" provides a careful examination of this last hypothesis while also touching upon the myriad other possibilities raised by previous researchers. It gives a brief history of this mysterious work and a detailed discussion of the many unsuccessful attempts to crack the presumed code or cipher, or at least discover whether it is written in a natural or artificial language.  This fascinating study from the U.S. National Security Agency also raises the possibility, suggested more frequently in recent years, that the Voynich manuscript is a hoax. It concludes that, if so, the hoaxer must have labored for many years to create it – surely too much effort for very little known return. Also, given the penchant of early modern scientists and philosophers to disguise their researches through the use of symbols and allegory, its obscurity is not unprecedented, although obviously extreme.  Whether a hoax, a cipher, or a key to the infinite, this account of the Voynich manuscript and the efforts to probe its true meaning tells a great true story that rivals any bestselling novel. Scholars, puzzle solvers, and anyone interested in historical mysteries will find much to ponder in this indispensable study.

D'Imperio, M.E.

Did the American Government and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt have advance information about Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor and was this fact later suppressed, either to conceal incompetence or because the President wanted an act of aggression to force America into war with the Axis Powers? For decades, professional and amateur historians alike have scrutinized the voluminous and sometimes contradictory trail of evidence surrounding this historic and tragic event to find an answer. One of the most written-about pieces of this historical puzzle is the so-called “West Wind Execute” message, Japan’s code phrase to advise its diplomats abroad that an attack on America was imminent. In “West Wind Clear: Cryptology and the Winds Message Controversy – a Documentary History”, the U.S. National Security Agency’s Center for Cryptologic History has tackled the complex history of this message, when it was sent, and why its existence or non-existence has exercised the imaginations of academics, amateur historians, and conspiracy buffs since the 1940s. Crucially, this book includes many key documents, some never before published, dealing with the voluminous Japanese signals traffic leading up to the Pearl Harbor attack and the timing of signals interception and decoding. The authors state that the main source of continuing debate over the “who knew and when” question resulted from a number of contradictory statements by a well-respected American cryptographer, Captain Laurence Safford, USN, whose reliability as a witness was undermined during the hearings of the 1946  Joint Congressional Committee investigation of the Pearl Harbor debacle. Despite these findings, the West Wind controversy has persisted in popular accounts that lent credibility to the stories of Safford and Ralph Briggs, a radio operator who many years after the fact claimed to recollect a West Wind Execute message before the attack. “West Wind Clear” makes a strong and well-documented case against a suppressed warning of war, although perhaps no account of the run-up to the Pearl Harbor debacle may ever lay to rest the many conspiracy theories bruited about since 1941. For anyone interested in the continuing debate, this book is an indispensable research and reference work.

West Wind Clear: Cryptology and the Winds Message Controversy - A Documentary History

Hanyok, Robert J.

Mowry, David P.

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