Newton's theory of gravitation is the grandest and the most enduring physical theory ever created. Today, more than 300 years after it was first conceived, Newton's theory of gravitation is still the basic working theory of astronomers and of all the scientists dealing with space exploration and celestial mechanics. However, Newton's theory of gravitation has serious defects: it is incapable of accounting for certain fine details of planetary motion; it does not provide any information on the temporal aspect of gravitational interactions; it cannot be reconciled with the principle of causality and with the law of conservation of momentum. This book extends and generalizes Newton's theory of gravitation, makes it free from the above defects, and provides a large variety of methods for calculating gravitational interactions between moving or stationary bodies of all shapes, sizes and configurations. The starting point of the generalization of Newton's theory of gravitation developed in this book is the idea that gravitational interactions are mediated by two force fields: the gravitational field proper created by all masses and acting upon all masses, and the "cogravitational" field created by moving masses only and acting upon moving masses only. In accordance with the principle of causality, the two fields are represented by retarded field integrals, which, for static or slowly-varying gravitational systems, yield the ordinary Newtonian gravitational field. An immediate consequence of the generalized Newtonian theory of gravitation developed on this basis is that gravitational interactions normally involve at least five different forces associated with velocities, accelerations and rotations of interacting bodies. The effects of these forces are quite remarkable. Some examples: a fast-moving mass passing a spherically-symmetric body causes the latter to rotate; a mass moving with rapidly-decreasing velocity exerts both an attractive and a repulsive f

Gravitation and Cogravitation: Developing Newton's Theory of Gravitation to its Physical and Mathematical Conclusion

Oleg D. Jefimenko

Electret Scientific Company

The most authoritative and comprehensive book on the subject of using high voltage electric charge to power a motor. The book shows the type of electrostatic motor that was first invented by Ben Franklin in 1748. It also reviews and illustrates electric pendulum motors, electric wind motors, Franklin's spark motors, capacitor motors, inductance motors, corona motors, liquid immersed motors, electret motors and more. The last chapter shows how the electrostatic motor can be designed to be powered by atmospheric electricity, which Professor Jefimenko experimented with at the University of West Virginia. The author is very meticulous to give dates and references for the historical use of particularly unique electrostatic motors. Dr. Jefimenko's articles from Popular Science magazine are reprinted in the Appendix for those who want to build their own electrostatic motor. He also reviews the atmospheric potential for generating energy, pointing out it is in the gigawatt range. The book also includes his review article on the earth's electric field as a natural source of electrostatic energy.

Electrostatic Motors: Their History, Types, and Principles of Operation

Jefimenko, Oleg D.

Originally published in the middle of the nineteenth century under the title "Electrical Experiments", this book describes practically all basic electrostatic experiments, demonstrations, devices, and apparatus performed and invented since the time when the first electrostatic effects were noticed in antiquity up to about 1850. The book is unique in its comprehensiveness and provides all essential details for replicating over 400 electrostatic experiments and for reconstructing numerous electrostatic devices. Unfortunately, as is frequently the case with older books, the original editions of Francis's "Electrical Experiments" belong to the category of "rare books" hardly accessible now even to research scientists, to say nothing of students, teachers, engineers, amateur scientists, inventors, patent lawyers, and anyone else who may be interested in electrical science and in electrostatics in particular. And yet, the utility of Francis's book to a wide circle of readers is even greater now than when the book was first written because electrostatics has now become a very practical science with many useful applications, and therefore for many persons a familiarity with its basic principles and techniques is now truly important. The purpose of the present edition of Francis's remarkable work is to make it readily available and appealing to as wide a circle of readers interested in electrostatics as possible. The title of the book has been changed from "Electrical Experiments" to "Electrostatic Experiments". The word "electrical" in the original title, perfectly appropriate in the middle of the nineteenth century when the book was first published, is misleading to present-day readers: the book deals exclusively with electrostatics, whereas "electrical" is now mostly understood as something relating to the electric current. The book is printed in an entirely new format. Originally the book was printed in a very small typeface and its typographic quality was rather poor. The illustrations (wood engravings) were very small. The present format is designed for easy readability and pleasing visual appearance. The book is now printed in 11 points Century Schoolbook typeface - one of the most readable typefaces in existence. All 148 wood engravings originally contained in the book have been enlarged. Some words and terms used in the book have now either disappeared from the English language or have acquired a different meaning. Therefore the book has been now supplemented by a glossary explaining the most obscure or ambiguous words appearing in the book. Furthermore, taking into account that the most convenient presently-known generator of static electricity for performing electrostatic experiments is the Wimshurst's influence machine, invented some thirty years after the publication of Francis's book, the book has been supplemented by a description of this machine. Finally, the book has been supplemented by carefully selected pertinent literature references. Both the paperback edition and the hardcover edition are printed on high quality paper.

Electrostatic Experiments: An Encyclopedia of Early Electrostatic Experiments, Demonstrations, Devices, and Apparatus

G. W. Francis

Reference

Originally published in the middle of the nineteenth century under the title "Electrical Experiments", this book describes practically all basic electrostatic experiments, demonstrations, devices, and apparatus performed and invented since the time when the first electrostatic effects were noticed in antiquity up to about 1850. The book is unique in its comprehensiveness and provides all essential details for replicating over 400 electrostatic experiments and for reconstructing numerous electrostatic devices. Unfortunately, as is frequently the case with older books, the original editions of Francis's "Electrical Experiments" belong to the category of "rare books" hardly accessible now even to research scientists, to say nothing of students, teachers, engineers, amateur scientists, inventors, patent lawyers, and anyone else who may be interested in electrical science and in electrostatics in particular. And yet, the utility of Francis's book to a wide circle of readers is even greater now than when the book was first written because electrostatics has now become a very practical science with many useful applications, and therefore for many persons a familiarity with its basic principles and techniques is now truly important. The purpose of the present edition of Francis's remarkable work is to make it readily available and appealing to as wide a circle of readers interested in electrostatics as possible. The title of the book has been changed from "Electrical Experiments" to "Electrostatic Experiments". The word "electrical" in the original title, perfectly appropriate in the middle of the nineteenth century when the book was first published, is misleading to present-day readers: the book deals exclusively with electrostatics, whereas "electrical" is now mostly understood as something relating to the electric current. The book is printed in an entirely new format. Originally the book was printed in a very small typeface and its typographic quality was rather poor. The illustrations (wood engravings) were very small. The present format is designed for easy readability and pleasing visual appearance. The book is now printed in 11 points Century Schoolbook typeface - one of the most readable typefaces in existence. All 148 wood engravings originally contained in the book have been enlarged. Some words and terms used in the book have now either disappeared from the English language or have acquired a different meaning. Therefore the book has been now supplemented by a glossary explaining the most obscure or ambiguous words appearing in the book. Furthermore, taking into account that the most convenient presently-known generator of static electricity for performing electrostatic experiments is the Wimshurst's influence machine, invented some thirty years after the publication of Francis's book, the book has been supplemented by a description of this machine. Finally, the book has been supplemented by carefully selected pertinent literature references. Both the paperback edition and the hardcover edition are printed on high quality paper. For better durability and ease of use the signatures are sawn together. The hardcover edition is bound in Skyvertex® -- a high grade synthetic material of leather-like texture and very pleasing appearance.

Starting with Newton's gravitational theory and considering it as the preeminent but incomplete theory of gravitation, the author develops a fundamentally new gravitational theory with emphasis on gravitational forces, interactions and effects occurring in moving and timed-dependent gravitational systems.

Electromagnetic Retardation and Theory of Relativity: New Chapters in the Classical Theory of Fields, Second Edition

This book presents a comprehensive exposition of the theory of electromagnetic retardation and offers a significant novel approach to the formulation, development and use of the theory of special relativity. The book is divided into two parts. The first part, Chapters 1 to 5, presents the fundamentals of the theory of electromagnetic retardation with emphasis on recently developed electromagnetic relations and mathematical techniques. Employing as the starting point the retarded electromagnetic field integrals rather than the traditional Lienard-Wiechert potentials and using the newest mathematical methods for operations with retarded integrals, the theory is presented in a clear and logical manner, and the applications of the theory are demonstrated by numerous well-chosen original illustrative examples. 
As Professor Jefimenko shows, the theory of electromagnetic retardation leads to, and duplicates, many electromagnetic relations that are customarily considered to constitute consequences of relativistic electrodynamics. Much of the first part of the book is devoted to establishing a bridge between the theory of electromagnetic retardation and the theory of relativity. In the second part of the book, Chapters 6 to 11, all the fundamental equations of the special relativity theory, including equations of relativistic electrodynamics and mechanics, are derived in a natural and direct way from equations of electromagnetic retardation and from electromagnetic force and energy equations without any postulates, conjectures, or hypotheses. As a result, the theory of special relativity acquires a new physical and mathematical base and becomes united with Maxwellian electromagnetism into one simple, clear, and harmonious theory of electromagnetic phenomena and mechanical interactions between rapidly moving bodies. Numerous well-chosen original illustrative examples demonstrate various applications of the relativistic electrodynamics and relativistic mechanics developed in this part of the book. 
The new approach to the formulations of the theory of relativity presented in this book makes it necessary to reexamine the conventional interpretation of some of the key aspects of the special relativity theory. One of the most significant results of this reexamination is that, although the idea of Lorentz length contraction played an important part in Einstein's approach to the formulation of the theory of relativity, this idea is not an integral part of the theory of relativity itself. Another equally significant result of this reexamination, based on an analysis of a dozen elementary electromagnetic clocks, is that the rate of the moving clocks depends both on the velocity and on the construction of the clocks, so that although all the clocks examined in the book run slow when in motion, only some clocks conform to Einstein's time-dilation formula; others do not. 
Finally, the novel approach to the formulation of the special relativity theory developed in this book leads to the conclusion that gravitational phenomena are subject to essentially the same relativistic relations as are the electromagnetic phenomena. Based on this conclusion, a covariant formulation of Newton-Heaviside's gravitational theory is developed and presented in the last chapter of the book. 
An Appendix to the book contains an analysis of the physical nature of electric and magnetic forces and presents a novel interpretation of the "near-action" mechanism of electromagnetic interactions.

This book presents a comprehensive exposition of the theory of electromagnetic retardation and offers a significant novel approach to the formulation, development and use of the theory of special relativity. The book is divided into two parts. The first part, Chapters 1 to 5, presents the fundamentals of the theory of electromagnetic retardation with emphasis on recently developed electromagnetic relations and mathematical techniques. Employing as the starting point the retarded electromagnetic field integrals rather than the traditional Lienard- Wiechert potentials and using the newest mathematical methods for operations with retarded integrals, the theory is presented in a clear and logical manner, and the applications of the theory are demonstrated by numerous well-chosen original illustrative examples. As Professor Jefimenko shows, the theory of electromagnetic retardation leads to, and duplicates, many electromagnetic relations that are customarily considered to constitute consequences of relativistic electrodynamics. Much of the first part of the book is devoted to establishing a bridge between the theory of electromagnetic retardation and the theory of relativity. In the second part of the book, Chapters 6 to 11, all the fundamental equations of the special relativity theory, including equations of relativistic electrodynamics and mechanics, are derived in a natural and direct way from equations of electromagnetic retardation and from electromagnetic force and energy equations without any postulates, conjectures, or hypotheses. As a result, the theory of special relativity acquires a new physical and mathematical base and becomes united with Maxwellian electromagnetism into one simple, clear, and harmonious theory of electromagnetic phenomena and mechanical interactions between rapidly moving bodies. Numerous well-chosen original illustrative examples demonstrate various applications of the relativistic electrodynamics and relativistic mechanics developed in this part of the book. The new approach to the formulations of the theory of relativity presented in this book makes it necessary to reexamine the conventional interpretation of some of the key aspects of the special relativity theory. One of the most significant results of this reexamination is that, although the idea of Lorentz length contraction played an important part in Einstein's approach to the formulation of the theory of relativity, this idea is not an integral part of the theory of relativity itself. Another equally significant result of this reexamination, based on an analysis of a dozen elementary electromagnetic clocks, is that the rate of the moving clocks depends both on the velocity and on the construction of the clocks, so that although all the clocks examined in the book run slow when in motion, only some clocks conform to Einstein's time-dilation formula; others do not. Finally, the novel approach to the formulation of the special relativity theory developed in this book leads to the conclusion that gravitational phenomena are subject to essentially the same relativistic relations as are the electromagnetic phenomena. Based on this conclusion, a covariant formulation of Newton-Heaviside's gravitational theory is developed and presented in the last chapter of the book. An Appendix to the book contains an analysis of the physical nature of electric and magnetic forces and presents a novel interpretation of the "near-action" mechanism of electromagnetic interactions.

Science & Math

Physics

See the best price to sell, buy or rent books by the Electret Scientific Company publisher. BookScouter helps to compare book prices from 25+ online bookstores and 30+ buyback vendors with a single search.

Books by Electret Scientific Company

See the best price to sell, buy or rent books by the Electret Scientific Company publisher. BookScouter helps to compare book prices from 25+ online bookstores and 30+ buyback vendors with a single search.

Gravitation and Cogravitation: Developing Newton's Theory of Gravitation to its Physical and Mathematical Conclusion

Electrostatic Motors: Their History, Types, and Principles of Operation

Electrostatic Experiments: An Encyclopedia of Early Electrostatic Experiments, Demonstrations, Devices, and Apparatus

Electrostatic Experiments: An Encyclopedia of Early Electrostatic Experiments, Demonstrations, Devices, and Apparatus

Gravitation and Cogravitation: Developing Newton's Theory of Gravitation to its Physical and Mathematical Conclusion

Electromagnetic Retardation and Theory of Relativity: New Chapters in the Classical Theory of Fields, Second Edition

Electromagnetic Retardation and Theory of Relativity: New Chapters in the Classical Theory of Fields, Second Edition