Vascular diagnosis with ultrasound: Clinical references with case studies

This textbook of vascular sonography combines a manual textbook and an atlas with illustrated cases demonstrating the application of vascular ultrasonography in different parts of the human body: arteries and veins of the cerebral circulation; the peripheral upper and lower limb circulation; and abdominal and urological regions. Chapters of the different vascular regions are similarly structured considering anatomy and physiology, normal and abnormal findings, discussion of test accuracy in terms of specificity and sensitivity, pitfalls and comparison with other test procedures. Structural (B-mode) and functional (Doppler-mode) studies are addressed as are application areas of echocontrast media, three- and four-dimensional imaging and volume measurements, and monitoring of dynamic changes of various cardio- and neurovascular conditions, for example: cerebral autoregulation; cardiac beat-to-beat variation, hyper-, hypo- and normocapnia; and "microemboli" detection - facts and artifacts. Special cases and findings that are difficult to interpret are summarized in case histories at the end of each chapter.