The Electric Force of a Current: Weber and the surface charges of resistive conductors carrying steady currents

The Electric Force of a Current analyzes the electric force between a charge and a circuit carrying a steady current when they are at rest relative to one another. It presents experiments and analytical calculations showing the existence of this force, contrary to the statements of many scientists. The force is proportional to the voltage of the battery connected to the resistive circuit. It also includes calculations of the potential and electric field inside and outside resistive conductors carrying steady currents, and the distribution of charges along the surface of the conductors that generate this field. It contains two appendices that discuss the pioneering and revolutionary works of Wilhelm Weber and Gustav Kirchhoff, and a substantial bibliography of modern literature on the topic.