Fundamentals of Egyptian Grammar, I: Elements (reprint with Minor Additions and Corrections)

This is an introduction to hieroglyphic Middle Egyptian, spoken in ancient Egypt around 2000 BC, also called Classical Egyptian. Scribes imitated it long after Egyptian had further evolved. Egyptian was both written and spoken from circa 3000–2500 BC to circa AD 1000–1500, for nearly 4000 years. The language changed much in this time. Several stages are distinguished. Middle Egyptian, the second, is traditionally studied first. This textbook is perhaps more suitable for an intensive course, the kind used to teach other languages that differ much from English, such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Swahili, and Turkish. But there is enough material for any kind of course or self-teaching.