All Cut to Pieces and Gone to Hell": The Civil War, Race Relations, and the Battle of Poison Spring

Dogwood trees were in full bloom as Union General Frederick Steele led 8,500 soldiers out of comfortable quarters in Little Rock and into the pine and scrub woodlands of southwest Arkansas. Steele's intended target was Shreveport, Louisiana. He planned to join another Union force coming from Fort Smith, bringing his projected complement to 12,500 troops, and then link with another Federal army in Louisiana.