Art Therapy in the United States

Elinor Ulman founded The Bulletin of Art Therapy in 1961(now The American Journal of Art Therapy since 1970) when no other publication of its kind existed. She also published the first Book of collected essays on art therapy. Ulman is also credited with precisely writing the essay "Art Therapy: Problems of Definition." Edith Kramer adapted concepts from Freud's personality theory to develop her explanation of the art therapy process she used. Her "art as therapy" approach emphasizes the art making process and the central role the defense mechanism of sublimation plays in the experience Hanna Kwiatkowski made major contributions in the areas of family art therapy. She also brought together writing on her various experiences with psychiatric patients. She wrote a book on her experiences that became the foundation for working with families through art. She also coauthored a book that helped introduce the field of art therapy to the general public.