Treating the secondary metabolites in cell cultures of plants with potentialuse in the pharmaceutical industry, this volume concentrates on the         individual plant species, their distribution, economic                             importance,          conventional propagation and storage of germplasm. Special emphasis         is laid on the potentials of industrial in vitro production of compoundsof medical and pharmaceutical relevance.

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants II (Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry)

Science & Math

Y. P. S. Bajaj

Nature & Ecology

Springer, Verlag

Legumes and oilseed crops are a rich source of protein and energy. The major objectives in grain-legume breeding are to increase grain yield, protein quantity and quality and digestibility, and to decrease toxic fac tors, seed hardness and cooking time. Similarly, oilseed crops such as brassicas and peanut share somewhat similar genetic improvement goals, but suffer from susceptibility to a number of pathogens and diseases. In spite of the best efforts through conventional breeding, their yield has been virtually static, with no significant breakthrough. The lack of genetic variability in the base population has been considered to be a major limiting factor for the slow progress made in the improvement of these crops. The desired goals can be achieved by incorporating addi tional genetic variability in the existing germplasm. The protein and oil contents which are genotypically oriented can be enhanced further by suitable crosses. In this regard, progress made during the last decade, in the area of in vitro manipulation and recombinant DNA technology, holds promise for the improvement of these crops. Among the oilseed crops, Brassica spp., soybean and sunflower have been well studied, wherein haploids, somaclones, somatic hybrids, cybrids and transformed plants have been produced. Oilpalm is one of the best examples where micropropagation is being commercially prac ticed. Regarding legumes, though there is extensive work on forages, such as Medicago and Trifolium, much needs to be done on food legumes."

Statistical Analysis of Environmental Space-Time Processes (Biotechnology in Agriculture & Forestry)

Engineering & Transportation

Engineering

<p>27 chapter cover the distribution, economic importance, conventional propagation, micropropagation, tissue culture, and in vitro production of important medicinal and pharmaceutical compounds in various species of Ajuga, Allium, Ambrosia, Artemisia, Aspilia, Atractylodes, Callitris, Choisya, Cinnamomum, Coluria, Cucumis, Drosera, Daucus, Eustoma, Fagopyrum, Hibiscus, Levisticum, Onobrychis, Orthosiphon, Quercus, Sanguinaria, Solanum, Sophora, Stauntonia, Tanecetum, Vetiveria, and Vitis. Like the previous volumes 4, 7, 15, and 21 in the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants series, the volume is tailored to the need of advanced students, teachers, and research scientists in the area of plant biotechnology and bioengineering, pharmacy, botany and biochemistry.</p>

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants V (Biotechnology in Agriculture & Forestry)

Springer

Thirty-five chapters on various aspects of fusion of plant protoplasts and somatic hybridization deal with the regeneration of interspecific and intergeneric somatic hybrids and cybrids in various plants: cereals, grasses, legumes, potato, tomato, eggplant, lettuce, Brassica, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Nicotiana, Catharanthus, Rauwolfia, Citrus, Poncirus, Prunus, Pyrus, Populus, algae, bryophytes, and ferns. The implications of somatic hybridization in gene transfer in wide crosses and for the induction of genetic variability in various crops are discussed. The book is an invaluable source of information for advanced students, teachers, and research scientists in the field of plant breeding, genetic engineering, plant tissue culture, and general plant biotechnology.

Somatic Hybridization in Crop Improvement I (Biotechnology in Agriculture & Forestry)

The germ plasm of numerous plant species, especially those of forest trees, some agricultural crops, and medicinal plants, is endangered and threatened with extinction. This depletion of germplasm pools and the shrinkage of naturally occurring genetic resources have caused international concern. Conventionally, the germplasm of plants is conserved through seeds, tubers, roots, corms, rhizomes, bulbs, cuttings, etc. However, the germ plasm of a number of trees and plantation crops (such as coconut, cocao, coffee, oil palm, rubber, mango, horse chestnut, etc. ) cannot be preserved since their seed are short-lived (recalcitrant). Likewise, germplasm of vegetatively propagated crops (such as potato and cassava) cannot be stored on a long term basis and has to be grown and multiplied periodically in nurseries and fields. The plants are thus exposed to unpredictable weather conditions and diseases, with the result that instances are known where entire genetic stocks are lost. Therefore, unconventional methods are being developed for the storage and international exchange of germplasm. For this purpose in vitro cultures have been employed, but they can only enable short-to medium term preservation; moreover, cell cultures upon repeated subculture undergo genetic erosion. In view of the recent developments in the in vitro induction of genetic variability through somaclonal variation, somatic hybridization, recombinant DNA technology, etc. , new methods need to be employed for the storage of desirable cultures. In this regard freeze preservation of cells in liquid nitrogen (-196 0q, like that of semen, enables long-term storage, theoretically, for an indefinite period of time.

Cryopreservation of Plant Germplasm I (Biotechnology in Agriculture & Forestry)

Potato (Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry)

Biological Sciences

Treating secondary metabolites in cell cultures of plants with potential usage in the pharmaceutical industry, this volume concentrates on the individual plant species, their distribution, economic importance, conventional propagation and storage of germplasm. Special emphasis is placed on the potential of industrial in vitro production of compounds of medical and pharmaceutical relevance. There are three sections, and these deal with: micropropagation, immobilization, cryopreservation, bioreactors, production of secondary metabolites; production through cell cultures of antitumor compounds, L-dopa, shikonin, anthraquinine, tropane and morphinan alkaloids, berberine, caffeine, saponines, valeoptriates, rosmarinic acid, and cardenolides; and distribution, economic importance, conventional propagation, in vitro production of various metabolites in Cannabis, Centaurium, Cinchona, Digitalis, Duboisia, Hypoxis, Lithospermum, Ochrosia, Paeonia, Panax, Papavar, Rehmannia, and Rhazya.

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I (Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry)

<p>Isolated protoplasts are a unique tool for genetic manipulation of plants. Since the discovery of a method for the enzymatic isolation of pro-· toplasts by Professor E. C. Cocking in 1960, tremendous progress has been made in this very fascinating area of research. I have witnessed the struggle in the 1960's and early 1970's, when obtaining a clean prepara tion of protoplasts was considered an achievement. I also shared the pioneering excitement and enthusiasm in this field during the 2nd Inter national Congress of Plant Tissue Culture held at Strasbourg in 1970, where Dr. I. Thkebe of Japan presented his work on the induction of division in tobacco protoplasts. This was followed by my participation in three international conferences devoted to plant protoplasts held in 1972 in Salamanca (Spain) and Versailles (France), and then in 1975 in Nottingham (England). The enthusiasm shown by plant scientists at these meetings was ample proof of the bright future of protoplast technology, and it became evident that protoplasts would playa major role in plant biotechnology, especially in genetic engineering. Since then we have never looked back, and now the methods for isolation, fusion, and culture, as well as regeneration of somatic hybrids, have become routine laboratory procedures for most plant species. Currently the focus is on cereal and tree protoplasts. In order to bring about any genetic manipulation through fusion, in corporation of DNA, and transformation, the regeneration of the entire plant through manipulation of protoplasts is a prerequisite.</p>

Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering I (Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry)

Reference

Foreign Language Study & Reference

Legumes and Oilseed Crops I (Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry)

This volume contains 28 chapters on biotechnology of medicinal and aromatic plants, and deals with the distribution, economic importance, conventional propagation, micropropagation, review of tissue culture work, and the in vitro production of pharmaceutical compounds in various species of Ammi, Bergenia, Canavalia, Capsicum, Cassia, Cephaelis, Cornus, Cucurbita, Elettaria, Eupatorium, Genipa, Gentiana, Gypsophila, Hygrophila, Leontopodium, Nerium, Picrasma, Polygonum, Ptelea, Rheum, Scopolia, Silene, Solanum, Strophanthus, Tagetes, Thymus, and Uncaria. The potential role of biotechnology for industrial production is pointed out. This book is tailored to the need of advanced students, teachers and the research scientists in the area of plant biotechnology and bioengineering, pharmacy, botany and tissue culture.

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants IV (Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry)

Agricultural Sciences

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