Far from being a monolith with unanimous leadership loyalty to the cause of a separate nation, the Confederacy was in reality deeply divided over how to achieve independence. Many supposedly loyal leaders, civilian as well as elected officials, opposed governmental policies on the national and state levels, and their actions ultimately influenced non-support for military policies. Congressional differences over arming the slaves and bureaucratic squabbles over how to conduct the war disrupted the government and Cabinet of President Jefferson Davis. Rumors of such irreconcilable differences spread throughout the South, contributing to an overall decline in morale and support for the war effort and causing the Confederacy to come apart from within.
When asked to make sacrifices, civilian leaders found themselves caught in the dilemma of either aiding the Confederacy or losing money through poor utilization of slave labor. To sustain profits, the business and planter classes often traded with the enemy. Upon consideration of arming the slaves, many members of Congress proclaimed that the war effort was not worth the demise of slavery and preferred instead to take their chances with the Northern government. Cultural leaders, clergy, newspapermen, and men of letters claimed their loyalty to the war effort, but often criticized government policies in public. By asking for financial support and instituting a military draft, the national government infuriated local patriots who wanted to defend their own states more than they desired to defeat the enemy.

Confederates Against the Confederacy: Essays on Leadership and Loyalty

History

Wakelyn, Jon L.

Americas

Praeger

Format Hardcover Subject Literary Collections Publisher Greenwood Press

The Southern Common People: Studies in Nineteenth-Century Social History (Contributions in American History)

Magdol, Edward

It was a time of civil war and economic shift from an agrarian to an industrial society for the 1,390 speakers of state houses of representatives profiled in this unique biographical dictionary. The political climate and characteristics of the politicians as a group are surveyed in introductory material. This is followed by biographical entries which include a list of sources. The cumulated bibliography, arranged by state, is valuable. . . . There is no other such directory. 
Library Journal 
On the whole it is a useful compilation, providing a starting point for research into the lives of a cross-section of legislators in this period. . . . A necessary purchase for research libraries; recommended to all academic libraries with strong collections in state history. Choice
During the years 1850-1910, the United States evolved from an agrarian to an industrial political economy. By the end of the century, industrialization has shifted the entire political system toward national government power, beginning a trend that continues today.
An understanding of the importance of state government and, in particular, of the lower houses of the legislatures at this time is crucial to an understanding of how American politics was transformed in the second half of the nineteenth century. This study compares the speakers of these influential nineteenth-century American political bodies and focuses on the legislative issues of the period. The largest collection of biographical data of its kind to date, the book profiles the 1,390 speakers in the period from 1850 to 1910. The collective career analysis of the individuals covered provides an unprecedented exploration of the socioeconomic issues, the governmental processes, and the political behavior of the times to allow a more thorough understanding of the transition from an agrarian to an industrial state. This comprehensive study of state political power will provide fresh insight into the American legislative system of the latter half of the nineteenth century and will be of special value to scholars of American political history and political science.

American Legislative Leaders, 1850-1910

Biographies & Memoirs

Walker, J. Samuel

Leaders & Notable People

Greenwood

Covering both the great military leaders and the critical civilian leaders, this book provides an overview of their careers and a professional assessment of their accomplishments. Entries consider the leaders' character and prewar experiences, their contributions to the war effort, and the war's impact on the rest of their lives. The entries then look at how history has assessed these leaders, thus putting their longtime reputations on the line. The result is a thorough revision of some leaders' careers, a call for further study of others, and a reaffirmation of the accomplishments of the greatest leaders.
Analyzing the leaders historiographically, the work shows how the leaders wanted to be remembered, how postwar memorists and biographers saw them, the verdict of early historians, and how the best modern historians have assessed their contributions. By including a variety of leaders from both civilian and military roles, the book provides a better understanding of the total war, and by relating their lives to their times, it provides a better understanding of historical revisionism and of why history has been so interested in Civil War lives.

Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary (And Criticism)

Ritter, Charles F.

Historical

The second of four volumes comprising a biographical dictionary of state house speakers from 1911 to 1994, this book covers speakers from Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Entries provide basic biographical and career information on more than 1,400 speakers. The book opens with an analytical introduction and includes useful statistical appendixes. The four volumes, covering state speakers in the West, Midwest, Northeast, and South, are designed to complement Charles R. Ritter's and Jon L. Wakelyn's book American Legislative Leaders, 1850-1910 (1989).

American Legislative Leaders in the Midwest, 1911-1994 (Strategic Thought)

SHARP, James Roger

Sharp, Nancy Weatherly

Concise and informative biographical sketches of 140 of the most influential Antifederalists are complimented by nearly 100 of their complete and excerpted speeches, pamphlets, editorials, and letters. This two-volume set provides much hard-to-find information on the background of the Antifederalists and collects their scattered and neglected writings in an accessible and useful format. It will be critical for any Revolutionary, Constitutional, or Early American history collection.They lost even their name to their opponents. But while the Antifederalists lost the battle against Constitutional ratification, they won the war by getting the Bill of Rights into the Constitution as its first ten amendments. In restraining the national government's power and guaranteeing individual liberties, the Bill of Rights has come to dominate modern U.S. politics and law. Freedoms of religious belief, speech, the press, assembly, and the right to bear arms are encoded because of Antifederalist efforts. It is to these individuals that Americans owe the hallowed prohibition against unreasonable search and seizure, the right to due process, the right to trial by a jury composed of one's peers, the right to privacy, and more. One can even argue that it was the Antifederalists who instituted national obsession with rights talk.The first volume features biographies of 140 prominent Antifederalists, including Samuel Adams, George Clinton, Mercy Otis Warren, and James Monroe. Entries on each Antifederalist detail:• Personal and public life• Early political career• Revolutionary activities• Friends and enemies• Basis for opposing the constitution• Subsequent historical reputationThe second volume collects important speeches and writings of the Antifederalists, along with annotations to help the reader place these articles into their historical context. Primary documents include:• Major pamphlets• Broadsides• Newspaper articles• Speeches delivered in state legislatures• Speeches delivered in the Philadelphia convention• Speeches delivered in state ratification conventionsMany of these documents are difficult to find, and they never have before been collected into one edition. Uniquely, this volume is organized by date of state ratification conventions, beginning with Pennsylvania from November 20, 1787 and ending with Rhode Island in 1790. This allows users to easily trace the on-going debate over the ratification of the Constitution, and to see how the Antifederalists's questions were formed, how their arguments were crafted, and why alliances were made and broken. In all this fascinating and valuable reference set covers a critical, though neglected and enduringly important, aspect of American history.

Birth of the Bill of Rights [2 volumes]: Encyclopedia of the Antifederalists [2 volumes]

Concise and informative biographical sketches of 140 of the most influential Antifederalists are complimented by nearly 100 of their complete and excerpted speeches, pamphlets, editorials, and letters. This two-volume set provides much hard-to-find information on the background of the Antifederalists and collects their scattered and neglected writings in an accessible and useful format. It will be critical for any Revolutionary, Constitutional, or Early American history collection.
They lost even their name to their opponents. But while the Antifederalists lost the battle against Constitutional ratification, they won the war by getting the Bill of Rights into the Constitution as its first ten amendments. In restraining the national government's power and guaranteeing individual liberties, the Bill of Rights has come to dominate modern U.S. politics and law. Freedoms of religious belief, speech, the press, assembly, and the right to bear arms are encoded because of Antifederalist efforts. It is to these individuals that Americans owe the hallowed prohibition against unreasonable search and seizure, the right to due process, the right to trial by a jury composed of one's peers, the right to privacy, and more. One can even argue that it was the Antifederalists who instituted national obsession with rights talk.
The first volume features biographies of 140 prominent Antifederalists, including Samuel Adams, George Clinton, Mercy Otis Warren, and James Monroe. Entries on each Antifederalist detail: 
• Personal and public life
• Early political career
• Revolutionary activities
• Friends and enemies
• Basis for opposing the Constitution
• Subsequent historical reputation
The second volume collects important speeches and writings of the Antifederalists, and provides annotations to help the reader place these articles in their historical context. Primary documents include:
• Major pamphlets
• Broadsides
• Newspaper articles
• Speeches delivered in state legislatures
• Speeches delivered in the Philadelphia convention
• Speeches delivered in state ratification conventions.
Not only are many of these documents difficult to find, but they have never before been collected into one edition. Uniquely, this volume is organized by date of state ratification conventions, beginning with Pennsylvania on November 20, 1787 and ending with Rhode Island in 1790. This allows users to easily trace the on-going debate over the ratification of the Constitution, and to see how the Antifederalists' questions were formed, how their arguments were crafted, and why alliances were made and broken. In all this fascinating and valuable reference set covers a critical, neglected and enduringly important aspect of American history.

The Antifederalists: The Biographical Dictionary

Greenwood Pub Group

The Antifederalists: Collected Speeches And Writings

Of big-screen names today, Tom Cruise is one of the biggest. His increasingly brilliant and mature performances in films such as Magnolia, Vanilla Sky, Eyes Wide Shut and Minority Report have kept him at the top of his game. And yet there is so much about this elusive character that the fans do not know. In this biography, Wensley Clarkson promises to reveal the truth about his involvement with the Church of Scientology, the controversial beliefs that masked a secret political ambition, the real reason he and Nicole Kidman adopted children and the excruciating truth about their break up.

The Politics of a Literary Man: William Gilmore Simms (Contributions in American Studies)

Literature & Fiction

Walker, Robert H.

History & Criticism

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