Washington Dc: A Travelers Guide to the District of Columbia and Nearby Attractions (Handbook 102)

Travel

U.S. National Park Service

United States

United States Government Printing

Sports & Outdoors

John Branson

Richard L. Proenneke

Hiking & Camping

U.S. Department of the Interior

<p>Official government publication contains essays and photographs describing the people and their environment in Alaska's Seward Peninsula. Also tells the story of  the Bering Land Bridge, which once connected Asia and North America.</p>

Ublasaun, First Light: Inupiaq Hunters and Herders in the Early Twentieth Century, Northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska

National Park Service

National register of historic places, 1966-1991: Cumulative list through June 30, 1991

National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers

Lost Villages of the Eastern Aleutians: Biorka, Kashega, Makushin

Ray Hudson

Rachel Mason

National Park Service, United States Deparment of the Interior

Reverend J. William Jones, a chaplain in Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and a witness to the significant religious activity within that army during the American Civil War, stated, But any history of that army which omits an account of the wonderful influence of religion upon it -- which fails to tell how the courage, discipline, and morale of the whole was influenced by the humble piety and evangelical zeal of many of its officers and men -- would be incomplete and unsatisfactory. His words summarize the general mood experienced by the soldiers of Lee’s Army during the “Great Revival.” There were two sweeping and prolonged revivals that the Army of Northern Virginia experienced. The first occurred along the Rappahannock River in the Fredericksburg, Virginia area, from September 1862 until May 1863. The revivals reappeared more forcefully a second time from August 1863 (after the Gettysburg Campaign) until May 1864 along the Rapidan River near Orange Court House, Virginia. In these two extended revivals, which often marked the time between campaigns for the Confederate soldier, large crowds of soldiers gathered repeatedly, impressive numbers of professions to the Christian faith were counted, demands for tracts and testaments increased, and the individual soldier-converts exhibited a changed lifestyle. As setbacks beset Lee’s Army in 1863, and news of Confederate defeats in other theaters arrived, the Army of Northern Virginia became more introspective, humble, and repentive of perceived sins. Many of the soldiers even became convinced that God would intervene on their army’s behalf, but only when the Confederate nation purged its bad elements. 106 Overall, the individual soldier, the clergy, and everyone else close to the revivals were profoundly effected. A close investigation into these meaningful religious events with a focus on 1863 will show the extent to which the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia was impacted by religious zeal.

The Great Revival of 1863 The Effect Upon Lee's Army of Northern Virginia

History

Americas

CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform

Because of the secrecy that enveloped the U.S. Office of Strategic Services in World War II, it surprises most people, including nearby residents, to learn that spies were trained in some of the National Parks—not just spies but guerrilla leaders, saboteurs, clandestine radio operators and others who would be infiltrated behind enemy lines. What are today known as Catoctin Mountain Park in Maryland and Prince William Forest Park in Virginia played a vital role in the training of the operatives of the U.S. Office of Strategic Services. Known by its initials, the OSS was a specially created wartime military agency that fought a largely invisible and covert war against the Axis powers between 1942 and 1945. America’s first national centralized intelligence agency with thousands of clandestine operatives, spies, and intelligence analysts, the OSS is acknowledged as the predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency. With its Special Operations troops and Operational Group commandos, the OSS is also widely considered a forerunner of today's Special Forces. From 1941 to 1945, the men and women of the OSS were part of a "shadow war," a war largely behind the scenes and often behind enemy lines around the world. Highly secret during the war and in many instances for years thereafter, that effort was designed to help undermine the conquests of Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, and militaristic Japan. The “shadow warriors” sought to supply and guide local resistance movements, demoralize the enemy through “black propaganda,” and to gather intelligence and commit sabotage in enemy occupied territory to contribute to the victory of the Allies’ armed forces as they overcame the totalitarian, Axis aggressors.

OSS Training and Service Abroad in World War II

Military

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