Between life and the art that imitates it is a vague, more shadowy category: images that exist autonomously. Pygmalion’s mythical sculpture, which magnanimous gods endowed with life after he fell in love with it, marks perhaps the first such instance in Western art history of an image that exists on its own terms, rather than simply imitating something (or someone) else. In The Pygmalion Effect, Victor I. Stoichita delivers this living image—as well as its many avatars over the centuries—from the long shadow cast by art that merely replicates reality. Stoichita traces the reverberations of Ovid’s founding myth from ancient times through the advent of cinema. Emphasizing its erotic origins, he locates echoes of this famous fable in everything from legendary incarnations of Helen of Troy to surrealist painting to photographs of both sculpture and people artfully posed to simulate statues. But it was only with the invention of moving pictures, Stoichita argues, that the modern age found a fitting embodiment of the Pygmalion story’s influence. Concluding with an analysis of Alfred Hitchcock films that focuses on Kim Novak’s double persona in Vertigo, The Pygmalion Effect illuminates the fluctuating connections that link aesthetics, magic, and technical skill. In the process, it sheds new light on a mysterious world of living artifacts that, until now, has occupied a dark and little-understood realm in the history of Western image making.

The Pygmalion Effect: From Ovid to Hitchcock (Louise Smith Bross Lecture Series)

Arts & Photography

Stoichita, Victor I.

History & Criticism

University of Chicago Press

In this original and lucid account of how Spanish painters of the 16th and 17th centuries dealt with mystic visions in their art, and of how they attempted to "represent the unrepresentable", Victor Stoichita aims to establish a theory of visionary imagery in Western art in general, and one for the Spanish Counter-Reformation in particular. He reveals how the spirituality of the Counter-Reformation was characterized by a rediscovery of the role of the imagination in the exercise of faith. This had important consequences for painters such as Velazquez, Zurbaran and El Greco, leading to the development of ingenious solutions for visual depictions of mystical experience. This was to crystallize into an overtly meditative and didactic pictorial language.That Spanish painting is both cerebral and passionate is due to the particular historical forces which shaped it. Stoichita's account will be of crucial interest not just to scholars of Spanish art but to anyone interested in how art responds to ideological pressures.

Visionary Experience in the Golden Age of Spanish Art (Essays in Art and Culture Series)

Reaktion Books

Review\n"Stoichita is an art historian with a tremendous range, and has brewed together optics and metaphysics, phantasmagoria and propaganda, Plato and Warhol to conjure meaning out of shadows in his engagingly original study." -- Marina Warner ― Times Literary Supplement, "International Books of the Year"\n“Ambitious and a pleasure to read. . . . A thoroughly worthwhile book.” ― Times Higher Education\n“[Stoichita] shows how shadows are deftly used, among other purposes, to suggest the ambiguity of the human psyche.” -- Lee Adair Lawrence ― Washington Times\n“Discriminating, inspired interrogation. . . . Dazzling analysis.” ― Tate Magazine\nIn this investigative tour de force, Victor I. Stoichita untangles the history of one of the most enduring technical and symbolic challenges to confront Western artists: the depiction and meaning of shadows. Stoichita’s compelling and expansive account draws on texts by Renaissance artist-authors such as Vasari and Cennini, folk and fairy tales, and classical myths; works by van Eyck, Poussin, Malevich, De Chirico, and Picasso, among other masters; as well as German Expressionist cinema, photography, and child psychology. It is a wholly original investigation of a subject that for centuries has challenged the very meaning of art as representation.

A Short History of the Shadow

Difference exists; otherness is constructed. This book asks how important Western artists, from Giotto to Titian and Caravaggio, and from Bosch to Dürer and Rembrandt, shaped the imaging of non-Western individuals in early modern art. Victor I. Stoichita’s nuanced and detailed study examines images of racial otherness during a time of new encounters of the West with different cultures and peoples, such as those with dark skins: Muslims and Jews. Featuring a host of informative illustrations and crossing the disciplines of art history, anthropology, and postcolonial studies, Darker Shades also reconsiders the Western canon’s most essential facets: perspective, pictorial narrative, composition, bodily proportion, beauty, color, harmony, and lighting. What room was there for the “Other,” Stoichita would have us ask, in such a crystalline, unchanging paradigm?

Darker Shades: The Racial Other in Early Modern Art

Stoichita's compelling account untangles the history of one of the most enduring challenges to beset Western art - the depiction and meanings of shadows. "discriminating, inspired interrogation ... dazzling analysis"—Marina Warner, Tate Magazine "Ambitious and a pleasure to read ... a thoroughly worthwhile book."—Times Higher Education Supplement

Short History of the Shadow (Essays in Art and Culture)

This intriguing book on Goya concentrates on the closing years of the eighteenth century as a neglected milestone in his life. Goya waited until 1799 to publish his celebrated series of drawings, the Caprichos, which offered a personal vision of the "world turned upside down". Victor I. Stoichita and Anna Maria Coderch consider how themes of Revolution and Carnival (both seen as inversions of the established order) were obsessions in Spanish culture in this period, and make provocative connections between the close of the 1700s and the end of the Millennium. Particular emphasis is placed on the artist's links to the underground tradition of the grotesque, the ugly and the violent. Goya's drawings, considered as a personal and secret laboratory, are foregrounded in a study that also reinterprets his paintings and engravings in the cultural context of his time.

Goya: The Last Carnival (Essays in Art and Culture)

Humor & Entertainment

Coderch, Anna Maria

Movies

Une ancienne légende fait remonter l'origine de la peinture à l'initiative d'une jeune fille qui circonscrivit sur un mur l'ombre de l'homme qu'elle aimait avant qu'il ne parte pour un long voyage. Cette naissance "en négatif" de la représentation artistique occidentale est sans doute significative. En effet, la peinture fait son apparition sous le signe de la dialectique absence/présence (absence du corps/présence de sa projection). Cet ouvrage, situé au point de rencontre de la représentation artistique et de la philosophie de la représentation, se propose de poser les jalons de cette histoire qui conduit du mythe des origines à la photographie et au cinéma, à travers les expériences les plus significatives de l'utilisation de l'ombre dans l'art occidental.

Breve histoire de l'ombre

Librairie Droz S.A.

L'Effet Pygmalion procède d'une incursion dans l'immense fortune littéraire, visuelle, audiovisuelle enfin, du mythe fondateur de la première histoire de simulacres consignée par la culture occidentale. La légende raconte qu'un sculpteur chypriote tombe amoureux de l'oeuvre qu'il façonne; dans un élan de magnanimité, les dieux décident de l'animer. Devenue, par la volonté divine, femme et épouse de son créateur, cette dernière reste néanmoins un artefact qui, s'il est doué d'âme et de corps, n'en demeure pas moins un fantasme. Un simulacre, précisément. Artifice privé de modèle, le simulacre ne copie pas un objet réel, il s'y projette plutôt et l'escamote, il existe en soi. Ne procédant pas de la copie d'un modèle, n'étant nullement fondé sur la ressemblance, le simulacre transgresse la mimésis qui domine la pensée artistique. Ambitieux, l'ouvrage ne se satisfait pas d'une approche interdisciplinaire. Ainsi définit-il son objet critique non par une succession de témoignages artistiques ou littéraires, mais par la conception même de la représentation, le statut du modèle et de la copie. En ce sens, si un texte d'Ovide ou de Vasari, une miniature médiévale, une statue vivante de la Renaissance, une peinture romantique, une photographie, un film et jusqu'à la poupée Barbie sont convoqués par Victor Stoichita, c'est pour être examinés avec les mêmes principes critiques et contribuer à un discours herméneutique sur la conception occidentale de l'image. Le mythe de Pygmalion, parabole de l'infraction même de la représentation, de l'éviction de la mimésis et de la déviation du désir, fonde une anthropologie de l'objet esthétique et donne à voir la feinte originelle dans toute société captivée par les simulacres et ses leurres, telle que la nôtre.

L'Effet Pygmalion: Pour une anthropologie historique des simulacres (Titre Courant) (French Edition)

Olvidar Bucarest: Una historia

Abada Editores, S.L.

El ojo místico: Pintura y visión religiosa en el Siglo de Oro español (Spanish Edition)

Alianza Editorial

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Books by Stoichita, Victor I.