There has been intense interest recently among the public and the media in the possibility that increased intakes of ''dietary antioxidants'' may protect against chronic disease. Many research programs are underway in this area. Epidemiological evidence suggests that the consumption of fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of both cancer and cardiovascular disease, and it has been hypothesized that this is due in part to the presence of antioxidant compounds in fruits and vegetables. As a result, these compounds have been considered together by many people and loosely termed dietary antioxidants. Closer examination, however, reveals that compounds typically grouped together as dietary antioxidants can differ quite considerably from one another, both in terms of their chemical behavior and in terms of their biological properties. This report from the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board provides a proposed definition of dietary antioxidants so as to characterize the biological properties of these compounds.

Dietary Reference Intakes: Proposed Definition and Plan for Review of Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds (Compass Series)

Health, Fitness & Dieting

Food and Nutrition Board

Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE

Reference

National Academies Press

Since 1941, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) has been recognized as the most authoritative source of information on nutrient levels for healthy people. Since publication of the 10th edition in 1989, there has been rising awareness of the impact of nutrition on chronic disease. In light of new research findings and a growing public focus on nutrition and health, the expert panel responsible for formulation RDAs reviewed and expanded its approach--the result: Dietary Reference Intakes. This new series of references greatly extends the scope and application of previous nutrient guidelines. For each nutrient the book presents what is known about how the nutrient functions in the human body, what the best method is to determine its requirements, which factors (caffeine or exercise, for example) may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease. The first volume of Dietary Reference Intakes includes calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. The second book in the series presents information about thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Based on analysis of nutrient metabolism in humans and data on intakes in the U.S. population, the committee recommends intakes for each age group--from the first days of life through childhood, sexual maturity, midlife, and the later years. Recommendations for pregnancy and lactation also are made, and the book identifies when intake of a nutrient may be too much. Representing a new paradigm for the nutrition community, Dietary Reference Intakes encompasses: <ul>
<li>Estimated Average Requirements (EARs). These are used to set Recommended Dietary Allowances. 
</li> <li>Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Intakes that meet the RDA are likely to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all individuals in a life-stage and gender group. 
</li> <li>Adequate Intakes (AIs). These are used instead of RDAs when an EAR cannot be calculated. Both the RDA and the AI may be used as goals for individual intake. 
</li> <li>Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs). Intakes below the UL are unlikely to pose risks of adverse health effects in healthy people. 
</li> </ul>
This new framework encompasses both essential nutrients and other food components thought to pay a role in health, such as dietary fiber. It incorporates functional endpoints and examines the relationship between dose and response in determining adequacy and the hazards of excess intake for each nutrient. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary</li>
<li>1 Dietary Reference Intakes</li>
<li>2 Calcium and Related Nutrients: Overview and Methods</li>
<li>3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels</li>
<li>4 Calcium</li>
<li>5 Phosphorus</li>
<li>6 Magnesium</li>
<li>7 Vitamin D</li>
<li>8 Fluoride</li>
<li>9 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes</li>
<li>Appendix B Acknowledgments</li>
<li>Appendix C Options for Dealing with Uncertainties</li>
<li>Appendix D 1994 CSFII Adjusted Data for Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium</li>
<li>Appendix E Model for Estimating Calcium Intake for Desirable Calcium Retention</li>
<li>Appendix F Biographical Sketches of Committee, Subcommittee, Panel Members and Staff</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride

Staff, Institute of Medicine

Diets & Weight Loss

Since 1941, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) has been recognized as the most authoritative source of information on nutrient levels for healthy people. Since publication of the 10th edition in 1989, there has been rising awareness of the impact of nutrition on chronic disease. In light of new research findings and a growing public focus on nutrition and health, the expert panel responsible for formulation RDAs reviewed and expanded its approach--the result: Dietary Reference Intakes. This new series of references greatly extends the scope and application of previous nutrient guidelines. For each nutrient the book presents what is known about how the nutrient functions in the human body, what the best method is to determine its requirements, which factors (caffeine or exercise, for example) may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease. The first volume of Dietary Reference Intakes includes calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. The second book in the series presents information about thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Based on analysis of nutrient metabolism in humans and data on intakes in the U.S. population, the committee recommends intakes for each age group--from the first days of life through childhood, sexual maturity, midlife, and the later years. Recommendations for pregnancy and lactation also are made, and the book identifies when intake of a nutrient may be too much. Representing a new paradigm for the nutrition community, Dietary Reference Intakes encompasses: <ul>
<li>Estimated Average Requirements (EARs). These are used to set Recommended Dietary Allowances. 
</li> <li>Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Intakes that meet the RDA are likely to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all individuals in a life-stage and gender group. 
</li> <li>Adequate Intakes (AIs). These are used instead of RDAs when an EAR cannot be calculated. Both the RDA and the AI may be used as goals for individual intake. 
</li> <li>Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs). Intakes below the UL are unlikely to pose risks of adverse health effects in healthy people. 
</li> </ul>
This new framework encompasses both essential nutrients and other food components thought to pay a role in health, such as dietary fiber. It incorporates functional endpoints and examines the relationship between dose and response in determining adequacy and the hazards of excess intake for each nutrient. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary</li>
<li>1 Dietary Reference Intakes</li>
<li>2 Calcium and Related Nutrients: Overview and Methods</li>
<li>3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels</li>
<li>4 Calcium</li>
<li>5 Phosphorus</li>
<li>6 Magnesium</li>
<li>7 Vitamin D</li>
<li>8 Fluoride</li>
<li>9 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes</li>
<li>Appendix B Acknowledgments</li>
<li>Appendix C Options for Dealing with Uncertainties</li>
<li>Appendix D 1994 CSFII Adjusted Data for Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium</li>
<li>Appendix E Model for Estimating Calcium Intake for Desirable Calcium Retention</li>
<li>Appendix F Biographical Sketches of Committee, Subcommittee, Panel Members and Staff</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (Dietary Reference Intakes (Paperback))

This volume is the newest release in the authoritative series of quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) is the newest framework for an expanded approach developed by U.S. and Canadian scientists. This book discusses in detail the role of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and the carotenoids in human physiology and health. For each nutrient the committee presents what is known about how it functions in the human body, which factors may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease. Dietary Reference Intakes provides reference intakes, such as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), for use in planning nutritionally adequate diets for different groups based on age and gender, along with a new reference intake, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), designed to assist an individual in knowing how much is "too much" of a nutrient. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes</li>
<li>2 Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and •-Carotene and Other Carotenoids: Overview, Antioxidant Definition, and Relationship to Chronic Disease</li>
<li>3 Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and •-Carotene and Other Carotenoids: Methods</li>
<li>4 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients</li>
<li>5 Vitamin C</li>
<li>6 Vitamin E</li>
<li>7 Selenium</li>
<li>8 •-Carotene and Other Carotenoids</li>
<li>9 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes</li>
<li>10 A Research Agenda</li>
<li>A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes</li>
<li>B Acknowledgments</li>
<li>C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994</li>
<li>D Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996</li>
<li>E Canadian Dietary Intake Data, 1993, 1995</li>
<li>F Serum Values from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994</li>
<li>G Options for Dealing with Uncertainties</li>
<li>H Glossary and Acronyms</li>
<li>I Biographical Sketches of Panel and Subcommittee Members</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids

Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients

Subcommittee on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes

Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds

DRI Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (Dietary Reference Intakes Series)

Since 1994 the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board has been involved in developing an expanded approach to developing dietary reference standards. This approach, the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), provides a set of four nutrient-based reference values designed to replace the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in the United States and the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs) in Canada. These reference values include Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). To date, several volumes in this series have been published. This new book, Applications in Dietary Assessment, provides guidance to nutrition and health research professionals on the application of the new DRIs. It represents both a "how to" manual and a "why" manual. Specific examples of both appropriate and inappropriate uses of the DRIs in assessing nutrient adequacy of groups and of individuals are provided, along with detailed statistical approaches for the methods described. In addition, a clear distinction is made between assessing individuals and assessing groups as the approaches used are quite different. Applications in Dietary Assessment will be an essential companion to any-or all-of the DRI volumes. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Contents</li>
<li>Summary</li>
<li>I. Historical Perspective and Background</li>
<li>1 Introduction and Background</li>
<li>2 Current Uses of Dietary Reference Standards</li>
<li>II. Application of DRIs for Individual Diet Assessment</li>
<li>3 Using Dietary Reference Intakes for Nutrient Assessment of Individuals</li>
<li>III. Application of DRIs for Group Diet Assessment</li>
<li>4 Using the Estimated Average Requirement for Nutrient Assessment of Groups</li>
<li>5 Using the Adequate Intake for Nutrient Assessment of Groups</li>
<li>6 Using the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Nutrient Assessment of Groups</li>
<li>7 Specific Applications: Assessing Nutrient Intakes of Groups Using the Dietary Reference Intakes</li>
<li>IV. Fine-Tuning Dietary Assessment Using the DRIs</li>
<li>8 Minimizing Potential Errors in Assessing Group and Individual Intakes</li>
<li>9 Research Recommended to Improve the Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes</li>
<li>10 References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes</li>
<li>Appendix B: Nutrient Assessment of Individuals: Statistical Foundations</li>
<li>Appendix C: Assessing Prevalence of Inadequate Intakes for Groups: Statistical Foundations</li>
<li>Appendix D: Assessing the Performance of the EAR Cut-Point Method for Estimating Prevalence</li>
<li>Appendix E: Units of Observation: Assessing Nutrient Adequacy Using Household and Population Data</li>
<li>Appendix F: Rationale for Setting Adequate Intakes</li>
<li>Appendix G: Glossary and Abbreviations</li>
<li>Appendix H: Biographical Sketches of Subcommittee Members</li>
<li>Index</li>
<li>Summary Table: Estimated Average Requirements</li>
<li>Summary Table: Tolerable Upper Intake Levels</li>
<li>Summary Table: Recommended Intakes for Individuals</li>
</ul>

Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment

Medical Books

Allied Health Professions

This volume is the newest release in the authoritative series issued by the National Academy of Sciences on dietary reference intakes (DRIs). This series provides recommended intakes, such as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), for use in planning nutritionally adequate diets for individuals based on age and gender. In addition, a new reference intake, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), has also been established to assist an individual in knowing how much is "too much" of a nutrient. Based on the Institute of Medicine's review of the scientific literature regarding dietary micronutrients, recommendations have been formulated regarding vitamins A and K, iron, iodine, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, and other potentially beneficial trace elements such as boron to determine the roles, if any, they play in health. The book also: <ul>
<li>Reviews selected components of food that may influence the bioavailability of these compounds.</li> <li>Develops estimates of dietary intake of these compounds that are compatible with good nutrition throughout the life span and that may decrease risk of chronic disease where data indicate they play a role.</li> <li>Determines Tolerable Upper Intake levels for each nutrient reviewed where adequate scientific data are available in specific population subgroups.</li> <li>Identifies research needed to improve knowledge of the role of these micronutrients in human health.</li> </ul>
 This book will be important to professionals in nutrition research and education. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes</li>
<li>2 Overview and Methods</li>
<li>3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels</li>
<li>4 Vitamin A</li>
<li>5 Vitamin K</li>
<li>6 Chromium</li>
<li>7 Copper</li>
<li>8 Iodine</li>
<li>9 Iron</li>
<li>10 Manganese</li>
<li>11 Molybdenum</li>
<li>12 Zinc</li>
<li>13 Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, and Vanadium</li>
<li>14 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes</li>
<li>15 A Research Agenda</li>
<li>A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes</li>
<li>B Acknowledgments</li>
<li>C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994</li>
<li>D Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 19941996</li>
<li>E Dietary Intake Data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study, 19911997</li>
<li>F Canadian Dietary Intake Data, 1990</li>
<li>G Biochemical Indicators for Iron, Vitamin A, and Iodine from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994</li>
<li>H Comparison of Vitamin A and Iron Intake and Biochemical Indicators from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994</li>
<li>I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 19941996</li>
<li>J Glossary and Acronyms</li>
<li>K Conversion of Units</li>
<li>L Options for Dealing with Uncertainties</li>
<li>M Biographical Sketches of Panel and Subcommittee Members</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc

Subcommittee of Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes

Panel on Micronutrients

Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment (Dietary Reference Intakes Series)

Administration & Medicine Economics

Dietary Reference Intakes: Proposed Definition and Plan for Review of Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds

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