<p>1. Recognition of the Problem: Views from Several Angles.- 1.1. Global Patterns of Fuel Use.- 1.2. Biofuel Combustion and Air Pollution.- 1.3. Indoor Air Pollution.- 1.4. A Synthesis.- 1.5. The Purpose and Organization of This Book.- 2. The Pollutants and Their Emission Factors.- 2.1. Traditional Biofuel Usage.- 2.2. Environmental Characteristics of Indicator Pollutants.- 2.2.1. Carbon Monoxide (CO).- 2.2.2. Particulates (TSP and RSP).- 2.2.3. Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM).- 2.2.4. Formaldehyde (HCHO).- 2.3. Measured Emission Factors.- 2.3.1. Carbon Monoxide (CO).- 2.3.2. Particulates.- 2.3.3. Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM).- 2.3.4. Formaldehyde (HCHO).- 2.4. Comparisons with Cigarette Smoke.- 3. Ventilation and Concentrations.- 3.1. Concentration Estimates: Simple Mathematical Models.- 3.1.1. Nonsteady-state Concentrations.- 3.1.2. Measured Air Exchange Rates.- 3.1.3. Estimated Concentrations.- 3.2. Concentration Estimates: Complex Models.- 3.3. Measured Concentrations.- 3.3.1. Carbon Monoxide (CO).- 3.3.2. Particulates.- 3.3.3. Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM).- 3.3.4. Formaldehyde (HCHO).- 3.4. Ambient Concentrations of Pollutants in Rural Areas.- 3.5. Concentrations Elsewhere and Air Quality Standards.- 3.5.1. Carbon Monoxide (CO).- 3.5.2. Particulates.- 3.5.3. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP).- 3.5.4 Formaldehyde (HCHO).- 3.5.5. Comparisons Based on Hazard Indices.- 3.6. Comparisons with Cigarette Smoke.- 4. Exposures and Doses to Individuals and Populations.- 4.1. Estimates of Integrated Individual Exposures.- 4.1.1. Time Budgets.- 4.1.2. Measured Personal Exposures.- 4.2. Individual Dose Comparisons.- 4.2.1. Measured Individual Doses and Body Burdens.- 4.2.2. Estimated Individual Doses.- 4.3. Population Doses.- 4.4. Population Dose Commitments.- 4.5. Comparison with Doses from Cigarette Smoking.- 5. Estimating Health Effects by Extrapolation.- 5.1. Epidemiological Studies.- 5.1.1. Carbon Monoxide (CO).- 5.1.2. Particulates.- 5.1.3. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH).- 5.1.4. Formaldehyde (HCHO).- 5.2. Evidence from the Literature on Smoking and Health.- 5.2.1. Cancer.- 5.2.2. Health Impacts Other Than Cancer.- 5.2.3. Women and Smoking.- 5.2.4. Passive Smoking.- 5.3. Other Lines of Evidence.- 5.3.1. Fire Fighters.- 5.3.2. Bioassays for Relative Hazard.- 5.3.3. Mutagens from Cooking Food.- 5.4. Conclusion to Extrapolation.- 6. Health Effects: Direct Evidence.- 6.1. Domestic Smoke Exposures: The Epidemiological Literature.- 6.1.1. Africa.- 6.1.2. Papua New Guinea.- 6.1.3. India.- 6.1.4. China.- 6.2. Nepal.- 6.3. Developed Countries.- 6.3.1. Woodsmoke in the United States.- 6.3.2. Gas Stoves in North America and Europe.- 6.4. Conclusions.- 7. Calculated Risks and Cold Reality.- 7.1. Sources of Ill-health in Developing Countries.- 7.1.1. Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD).- 7.1.2. Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI).- 7.1.3. Low Birth Weight and Associated Problems.- 7.1.4. Cancer.- 7.2. Priorities for Research.- 7.3. Anecdotal Evidence.- 8. Reducing Exposures: Fuels and Stoves.- 8.1. Stove Efficiencies.- 8.2. Fuel Characteristics Affecting Emissions.- 8.2.1. Fuel Composition.- 8.2.2. Moisture Content.- 8.2.3. Burn Rate.- 8.2.4. Size of Fuel Charges.- 8.2.5. Ratio of Fuel Load to Average Combustion Rate.- 8.2.6. Volume-to-Surface Ratio.- 8.3. Stove Design and Operating Characteristics.- 8.3.1. Combustion Enclosure.- 8.3.2. Temperature of Combustion.- 8.3.3. Excess Air.- 8.3.4. Preheated Primary Air.- 8.3.5. Mass.- 8.3.6. Interior Stove Dimensions.- 8.3.7. Time during Burn.- 8.3.8. Altitude.- 8.4. Comparisons.- 8.5. Fuel and Stove: A Tentative Summary.- 9. Other Remedies.- 9.1. Kerosene: The Fuel of Development.- 9.2. Upgraded Biofuels.- 9.2.1. Charcoal.- 9.2.2. Producer Gas and Biogas.- 9.2.3. Liquid Fuels.- 9.3. Flue Gas Control.- 9.3.1. Catalytic Conversion.- 9.3.2. Scrubbers and Filters.- 9.4. Ventilation Improvements.- 9.5. Loss of Smoke''s Benefits.- 9.5.1. Mosquito Control.- 9.5.2. House Preservation.- 9.5.3. Food Drying and Smoking.- 9.5.4. Space Heating.- 9.6. Conclusion.- 10. Policy Implications.- 10.1. Rural Energy Policies.- 10.1.1. Fuels.- 10.1.2. Stoves.- 10.2. Rural Economic Development.- 10.2.1. Village Participation.- 10.2.2. The Challenge of Environmental Hazards.- 10.2.3. Rural Housing: Ventilation Improvements.- 10.3. The Status of Women.- 10.4. Public Health and Medical Care Delivery.- 10.5. Pollution Control Programs.- 10.5.1. Ambient Standards.- 10.5.2. Emission Standards.- 10.6. The Economics of Amelioration.- 10.6.1. Cost-Effectiveness of Exposure Control.- 10.6.2. Benefit-Cost Analysis of Exposure Control.- 10.7. Making Choices: The Bright and Dark Sides of Small is Beautiful.- Appendix A: What Happens When Wood Burns'.- Appendix B: Energy and Moisture Content in Wood.- Appendix C: Personal and Portable Monitors for Major Biofuel Air Pollutants.- Appendix D: Health Status of Rural Women in India (by Jamuna Ramakrishna).- Appendix E: Information Sources on Biofuel-Fired LDC Cookstoves.- References.</p>

Biofuels, Air Pollution, and Health: A Global Review (Modern Perspectives in Energy)

Crafts, Hobbies & Home

Smith, Kirk R. R.

Gardening & Landscape Design

Springer

The Global Greenhouse Regime: Who Pays?

Effective policies to prevent global warming and climatic change are urgently required by the world community. However, international negotiations on this issue repeatedly come up against the problems of allocating responsibility for the greenhouse effect, and bearing the costs of remedying the situation.;This volume offers a multidisciplinary response to the challenge. It presents the scientific, economic and political issues and goes on to describe the policy options available. The different ways of determining responsibility for greenhouse gases and calculating obligations to pay for hazards to the environment are analyzed. The contributors examine the implications for various countries, while a concluding chapter explores climatic change negotations - what is at stake, and for whom.

Reference

Routledge

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