How New York City subways signage evolved from a “visual mess” to a uniform system with Helvetica triumphant.
For years, the signs in the New York City subway system were a bewildering hodge-podge of lettering styles, sizes, shapes, materials, colors, and messages. The original mosaics (dating from as early as 1904), displaying a variety of serif and sans serif letters and decorative elements, were supplemented by signs in terracotta and cut stone. Over the years, enamel signs identifying stations and warning riders not to spit, smoke, or cross the tracks were added to the mix. Efforts to untangle this visual mess began in the mid-1960s, when the city transit authority hired the design firm Unimark International to create a clear and consistent sign system. We can see the results today in the white-on-black signs throughout the subway system, displaying station names, directions, and instructions in crisp Helvetica. This book tells the story of how typographic order triumphed over chaos.
The process didn't go smoothly or quickly. At one point New York Times architecture writer Paul Goldberger declared that the signs were so confusing one almost wished that they weren't there at all. Legend has it that Helvetica came in and vanquished the competition. Paul Shaw shows that it didn't happen that way―that, in fact, for various reasons (expense, the limitations of the transit authority sign shop), the typeface overhaul of the 1960s began not with Helvetica but with its forebear, Standard (AKA Akzidenz Grotesk). It wasn't until the 1980s and 1990s that Helvetica became ubiquitous. Shaw describes the slow typographic changeover (supplementing his text with more than 250 images―photographs, sketches, type samples, and documents). He places this signage evolution in the context of the history of the New York City subway system, of 1960s transportation signage, of Unimark International, and of Helvetica itself.

Helvetica and the New York City Subway System: The True (Maybe) Story (Mit Press)

Arts & Photography

Shaw, Paul

Graphic Design

The MIT Press

An illuminating account of the design inspirations and technical transformations that have shaped the digital typefaces of the 21st century In this fascinating tour through typographic history, Paul Shaw provides a visually rich exploration of digital type revival. Many typefaces from the pre-digital past have been reinvented for use on computers and mobile devices, while other new font designs are revivals of letterforms, drawn from inscriptions, calligraphic manuals, posters, and book jackets. Revival Type deftly introduces these fonts, many of which are widely used, and engagingly tells their stories. Examples include translations of letterforms not previously used as type, direct revivals of metal and wood typefaces, and looser interpretations of older fonts. Among these are variations on classic designs by John Baskerville, Giambattista Bodoni, William Caslon, Firmin Didot, Claude Garamont, Robert Granjon, and Nicolas Jenson, as well as typefaces inspired by less familiar designers, including Richard Austin, Philippe Grandjean, and Eudald Pradell. Updates and revisions of 20th-century classics such as Palatino, Meridien, DIN, Metro, and Neue Haas Grotesk (Helvetica) are also discussed. Handsomely illustrated with annotated examples, archival material depicting classic designs, and full character sets of modern typefaces, Revival Type is an essential introduction for designers and design enthusiasts into the process of reinterpreting historical type.

Revival Type: Digital Typefaces Inspired by the Past

Yale University Press

A treasury of practical solutions for graphic arts problems, Complete Studio Tips offers hundreds of easy, clever suggestions for the commonplace problems encountered by amateur and professional artists, graphic designers, desktop publishers, calligraphers, hobbyists, and others who work with illustration, layout, lettering, and print. Whether or not you work on a computer, don't miss out on these wonderful traditional paste-up practices. For those numerous occasions when digital sources and equipment are unavailable, unaffordable, or just plain unsuitable, you will want to have this helpful compendium of answers close at hand.

Complete Studio Tips

Gray, Bill

W.W.Norton&Company

Timesaving techniques for producing well-formed, good-looking lettering in all the major styles. Drawing letters quickly, accurately, and gracefully is an essential skill for artists and designers, even in the computer age. Bill Gray shows how to make the basic strokes for capitals and lowercase forms; get letter and word spacing right; reproduce the characteristics of any alphabet; produce extended, condensed, and outline versions of a type family; and more. Dozens of specimens serve as models of fine lettering.

Lettering Tips: For Artists, Graphic Designers, and Calligraphers

INCREASE THE LIFE SPAN OF YOUR SMALL BUSINESS The average small business has a life span of about five years, and inadequate internal controls are the main cause of failure. Cyber fraud, the leading culprit today in internal criminal activity, occurs when advanced technologies are used to steal money or property. The majority of such crimes occur in-house, and the lack of sufficient capital and technological resources committed to protecting company assets makes small businesses especially vulnerable. Awareness of the dangers of internal theft by computer, illegal access to information systems, credit card fraud, and Internet scams is integral-especially as auditors, business owners, and managers are increasingly held responsible for negligence. Providing critical guidance on what auditors and businesses can do to better prevent and detect the growing number of occurrences of cyber fraud, the information in this one-of-a-kind manual: * Protects outside auditors by supplying the knowledge to ensure they meet their responsibilities * Protects small business owners by providing them with the necessary tools to meet due diligence requirements in cyber fraud prevention * Focuses on the key areas of vulnerability Take the first step in protecting your company-and your future-with Avoiding Cyber Fraud in Small Businesses, the only book committed to helping you keep your small business free of computer crime.

Avoiding Cyber Fraud in Small Businesses: What Auditors and Owners Need to Know

Business & Money

Bologna, G. Jack

Business Development & Entrepreneurship

wiley

Protect your customers-and your business-with these essential "rules of the road" for maintaining Web site security Any company planning to do business on the Internet today must first become fully knowledgeable about the legal issues pertaining to consumer privacy and security, or risk severe financial penalties and loss of customer loyalty. In addition to making a Web site easy to navigate and transactions simple to manage, Web site developers must also make it secure. Failure to do so may result in legal action and irreparable damage to a company's reputation. E-Business Privacy and Trust is a clear, easy-to-follow handbook that outlines the legal aspects of maintaining privacy and security on the Web and shows today's businesses how to protect themselves by building basic guidelines into their e-business development strategies. The author, an expert on the subject of computer law, provides a complete overview of privacy law, security systems, and various ways today's businesses can protect themselves and their customers online, whether they're doing business locally or globally. In an environment fraught with potential pitfalls, E-Business Privacy and Trust will help every e-business owner, financial professional, and IT expert confidently reap the benefits of doing business on the Web while providing the level of security, confidentiality, and service your customers and your company demand.

E-Business Privacy and Trust: Planning and Management Strategies

Management & Leadership

John Wiley&Sons, Inc.

Revival Type: Digital typefaces inspired by the past

Thames&Hudson

This book examines the business strategies of passenger and freight carriers in road, rali, sea and air transport. It assesses their responses to an increasingly competitive and commercially ariented market as Governments throughout the world encourage a liberalized approach to the transport sector. Transport: Strategy and Policy provides a comprehensive text for transport professionals and students on courses concerned with leisure and tourism, business logistics, economic development and town and country planning. It will be particularly useful for those taking Chartered Institute of Transport examinations. It focuses on the special characteristics that distinguish transport from other service industries, as well as the similarities and differences between the various modes. The text is illustrated by a wide range of detailed case studies and examples from airlines ferries deep sea shipping railways and Light Rapid Transit buses and coaches community transport express parcel services and retail distribution

Transport

Engineering & Transportation

Engineering

John Wiley&Sons

Internal loss is one of the most costly forms of loss. Embezzlement is one of the least detected and prosecuted forms of internal theft. Preventing Corporate Embezzlement is a professional reference that offers solutions. Managers, auditors and others charged with protecting assets must achieve a heightened awareness of embezzlement. They need to recognize and understand the opportunities, methods, and varieties of embezzlement, as well as establish internal controls that will prevent and detect embezzlement.

Preventing Corporate Embezzlement

Bologna, Jack

Industries

Butterworth-Heinemann

Corporate Crime Investigations is a reference tool for internal auditors, in-house counsel and corporate security professionals who handle crimes, torts, and breaches of contract. The crimes involved may include employee fraud, theft, embezzlement, forgery, commercial bribery and property destruction. Breaches of ethical codes, fiduciary duties, and company policies incidental to these acts are also included. Corporate Crime Investigations also includes important information on privacy rights of the suspected individuals.

Corporate Crime Investigations

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Books by Shaw, Paul