Natural disasters, such as floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, and earthquakes, affect over 226 million people every year. The occurrence of these natural disasters has been increasing every year due to the effect of extreme weather events and higher populations living in areas vulnerable to natural hazards. Developing a guideline for emergency water treatment becomes even more important as the number of natural events continues to increase. Simple and low cost technologies have been developed to provide ways to treat water, ranging from point of use (POU) treatment to small scale (SS) community treatment. During times of natural disasters, POU and SS technologies offer applicable ways for providing clean and safe water. This guide to emergency water treatment has been developed based on current research, products, and field studies to create an expeditious and easy process for choosing which technology is most appropriate in each emergency situation. Initial, rapid response for water treatment should have the following characteristics: 
<ul>
<li>Portable </li>
<li>Low cost </li>
<li>Light weight </li>
<li>Ease to use or requiring minimal training </li>
<li>Requiring minimal or no external power </li>
</ul>A solution for long term response should have the following characteristics: <ul>
<li>Ability to support a community or large population </li>
<li>Able to purify large volume of water </li>
<li>Parts that do not require frequent replacements </li>
<li>Does not require complex training to operate </li>
<li>Uses easily available power sources </li>
</ul>This is a valuable resource for Environmental Engineers, Civil Engineers, Environmental Engineering Technicians and Civil Engineering Technicians. Co-Published with Elsevier Authors: Chittaranjan Ray: Water Resources Research Center and Environmental Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI, USA &amp; University of the Pacific, Stockton, California. Ravi Jain, Uwe Schroder, Jurg Keller, William Maddaus, Michelle Maddaus

Low Cost Emergency Water Purification Technologies

Science & Math

Schröder, Uwe

Jain, Ravi

Ray, Chittaranjan

Keller, Jurg

Maddaus, William

Earth Sciences

Iwa Pub

In the context of wastewater treatment, Bioelectrochemical Systems (BESs) have gained considerable interest in the past few years, and several BES processes are on the brink of application to this area. This book, written by a large number of world experts in the different sub-topics, describes the different aspects and processes relevant to their development. Bioelectrochemical Systems (BESs) use micro-organisms to catalyze an oxidation and/or reduction reaction at an anodic and cathodic electrode respectively. Briefly, at an anode oxidation of organic and inorganic electron donors can occur. Prime examples of such electron donors are waste organics and sulfides. At the cathode, an electron acceptor such as oxygen or nitrate can be reduced. The anode and the cathode are connected through an electrical circuit. If electrical power is harvested from this circuit, the system is called a Microbial Fuel Cell; if electrical power is invested, the system is called a Microbial Electrolysis Cell. The overall framework of bio-energy and bio-fuels is discussed. A number of chapters discuss the basics - microbiology, microbial ecology, electrochemistry, technology and materials development. The book continues by highlighting the plurality of processes based on BES technology already in existence, going from wastewater based reactors to sediment based bio-batteries. The integration of BESs into existing water or process lines is discussed. Finally, an outlook is provided of how BES will fit within the emerging biorefinery area.

Bioelectrochemical Systems: From Extracellular Electron Transfer to Biotechnological Application (Integrated Environmental Technology)

Rabaey, Korneel

Angenent, Lars

Biological Sciences

This second edition of a successful and highly-accessed monograph has been extended by more than 100 pages. It includes an enlarged coverage of applications for materials characterization and analysis. Also a more detailed description of strategies for determining free energies of ion transfer between miscible liquids is provided. This is now possible with a “third-phase strategy” which the authors explain from theoretical and practical points of view. The book is still the only one detailing strategies for solid state electroanalysis. It also features the specific potential of the techniques to use immobilized particles (for studies of solid materials) and of immobilized droplets of immiscible liquids for the purpose of studying the three-phase electrochemistry of these liquids. This also includes studies of ion transfer between aqueous and immiscible non-aqueous liquids. The bibliography of all published papers in this field of research has been expanded from 318 to now 444 references in this second edition. Not only are pertinent references provided at the end of each chapter, but the complete list of the cited literature is also offered as a separate chapter for easy reference.

Electrochemistry of Immobilized Particles and Droplets: Experiments with Three-Phase Electrodes

Scholz, Fritz

Gulaboski, Rubin

Doménech-Carbó, Antonio

Springer

Immobilizing particles or droplets on electrodes is a novel and most powerful technique for studying the electrochemical reactions of three-phase systems. It gives access to a wealth of information, ranging from quantitative and phase analysis to thermodynamic and kinetic data of electrode processes. Three-phase electrodes with immobilized droplets provide information on the electrochemistry of redox liquids and of compounds dissolved in inert organic liquids. Such measurements allow the determination of the Gibbs energies of the transfer of cations and anions between immiscible solvents, and thus make it possible to assess the hydrophobicity of ions – a property that is of great importance for pharmaceutical applications, biological studies, and for many fields of chemistry.The monograph gives, for the first time, a comprehensive overview of the results published in more than 300 papers over the last 15 years. The experiments are explained in detail, applications from many different fields are presented, and the theoretical basis of the systems is outlined.

Electrochemistry of Immobilized Particles and Droplets

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