Archaeology of the English Church

Rodwell,Warwick

Religion & Spirituality

B.T.BATSFORD LTD

England's churches and cathedrals form the country's most complete class of historic monuments and are a great source of interest. However, many are threatened with redundancy. This is an introduction to the new discipline of church archaeology, explaining how and why investigations are undertaken both above and below ground and what there is to be learned from them. The author considers how best to record the evidence and how to interpret it. He also shows how the evidence is significant and how important it is to preserve and record our heritage.

English Heritage Book of Church Archaeology (English Heritage)

Politics & Social Sciences

Archaeology

Chrysalis Books

Book of Church Archaeology (English Heritage)

Arts & Photography

Architecture

This unrivalled textbook explores the complex history of cathedrals and churches, showing how this can be revealed through the skills of the archaeologist. This archaeological study can embrace everything from the building's foundations to the weather-vane on its spire, and at a time when medieval churches and churchyards are being threatened with redundancy, alteration, or inappropriate restoration, the need for detailed study and recording has never been greater. From Westminster Abbey to the tiniest field chapel, the history of the building, its use, and furnishing can be enriched through archaeological study. First published almost 25 years ago, and unavailable for many years, this brand new edition illustrates the problems, techniques, results and rewards of church archaeology.

The Archaeology of Churches

Tempus Pub Ltd

Providing a clear and intelligent introduction as well as a broad survey of the problems, methods, and issues involved, this volume reviews the history of church archaeology, tours numerous sits in Britain, and offers detailed treatments of excavation techniques.

The Archaeology of Religious Places: Churches and Cemeteries in Britain

Univ of Pennsylvania Pr

"The Fishermen's Chapel is one of the best known buildings in the Channel Islands, and every year it is visited by thousands of pilgrims and tourists. It is not a grand or imposing structure but a small granite chapel, perched on the cliff edge above Saint Brelade's Bay. Externally, the Fishermen's Chapel is a plain, rectangular structure with no sign of ornamentation or suggestion of the glory that it holds within. But once inside, the visitor is confronted with an experience of unparalleled delight: the walls and the stone-vaulted ceiling are covered with Old and New Testament scenes, executed in bright coulours. For more than six hundred years these medieval paintings have survived the ravages of time and man, and although they are now far from complete, their impact is nevertheless stunning: the message they conveyed to medieval worshippers is still there to be read today." "Between 1982 and 1988, an integrated programme of research and investigation, conservation and repair, refurbishment and revitalization, took place with an interdisciplinary and internationally recruited team. The results of their findings have now been distilled and are presented in this volume."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Fishermen's Chapel, Saint Brelade, Jersey: Its Archaeology, Architecture, Wall Paintings And Conservation

Société Jersiaise And The Rector And Churchwardens Of Saint Brelade

Witham Camp has often been equated with Edward the Elder's   burh , but excavations since the 1930's have demonstrated it to be an Iron Age earthwork, in which a castle was planted in the  12th century; here also was the hundredal meeting place and focus  of a royal manor. Next to the earthwork lies a minster church,  early market site and a small planned settlement, and a short  distance away the Knights Templar laid out a substantial new town  over the remains of a possible Viking camp. This book reports on  this whole remarkable complex, using all available topographical,  archaeological and documentary evidence to trace the development  of Witham from the prehistoric era to the Middle Ages.

The Origins and Early Development of Witham, Essex (Oxbow Monographs, 26)

History

Europe

Oxbow Books

Constructed in 1297−1300 for King Edward I, the Coronation Chair ranks amongst the most remarkable and precious treasures to have survived from the Middle Ages. It incorporated in its seat a block of sandstone, which the king seized at Scone, following his victory over the Scots in 1296. For centuries, Scottish kings had been inaugurated on this symbolic ‘Stone of Scone’, to which a copious mythology had also become attached. Edward I presented the Chair, as a holy relic, to the Shrine of St Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey, and most English monarchs since the fourteenth century have been crowned in it, the last being HM Queen Elizabeth II, in 1953. The Chair and the Stone have had eventful histories: in addition to physical alterations, they suffered abuse in the eighteenth century, suffragettes attached a bomb to them in 1914, they were hidden underground during the Second World War, and both were damaged by the gang that sacrilegiously broke into Westminster Abbey and stole the Stone in 1950. It was recovered and restored to the Chair, but since 1996 the Stone has been exhibited on loan in Edinburgh Castle. Now somewhat battered through age, the Chair was once highly ornate, being embellished with gilding, painting and colored glass. Yet, despite its profound historical significance, until now it has never been the subject of detailed archaeological recording. Moreover, the remaining fragile decoration was in need of urgent conservation, which was carried out in 2010−12, accompanied by the first holistic study of the Chair and Stone. In 2013 the Chair was redisplayed to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of the Coronation of HM The Queen. The latest investigations have revealed and documented the complex history of the Chair: it has been modified on several occasions, and the Stone has been reshaped and much altered since it left Scone. This volume assembles, for the first time, the complementary evidence derived from history, archaeology and conservation, and presents a factual account of the Coronation Chair and the Stone of Scone, not as separate artefacts, but as the entity that they have been for seven centuries. Their combined significance to the British Monarchy and State – and to the history and archaeology of the English and Scottish nations – is greater than the sum of their parts. Also published here for the first time is the second Coronation Chair, made for Queen Mary II in 1689. Finally, accounts are given of the various full-size replica chairs in Britain and Canada, along with a selection of the many models in metal and ceramic which have been made during the last two centuries. Table of Contents Foreword by The Very Reverend Dr John Hall, Dean of Westminster x Preface Acknowledgements 1 Historiography of the Chair and the Stone 2 St Edward’s Chair and the Stone of Scone in medieval history 3 From Scone to Westminster: starting with a stone 4 King Edward I commissions a chair, 1297 5 Design and construction of St Edward’s Chair: a detailed study 6 The polychromy of the Coronation Chair: a detailed study by Marie Louise Sauerberg 7 The Stone seat 8 The Coronation Chair from the later Middle Ages to the seventeenth century 9 A companion Chair for Queen Mary II, 1689 10 Vicissitudes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries 11 Ceremonies and incidents of the twentieth century involving the Coronation Chair 12 History ignored: the events of 1996 13 Popular influence of the Chair in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries 14 Conservation and the Chair: a physical history by Marie Louise Sauerberg 15 One of the glories of Westminster Abbey: the Coronation Chair redisplayed, 2013 by Ptolemy Dean Appendix 1: Timeline of events connected with the Coronation Chair and Stone of Scone Appendix 2: ‘Damaged by wanton mischief’: graffiti on the Coronation Chairs by Eddie Smith Notes and references 275 Bibliography 293 Index

The Coronation Chair and Stone of Scone: History, Archaeology and Conservation

Westminster Abbey contains the only surviving medieval Cosmatesque mosaics outside Italy. They comprise: the ‘Great Pavement’ in the sanctuary; the pavement around the shrine of Edward the Confessor; the saint’s tomb and shrine; Henry III’s tomb; the tomb of a royal child, and some other pieces. Surprisingly, the mosaics have never before received detailed recording and analysis, either individually or as an assemblage. The proposed publication, in two volumes, will present a holistic study of this outstanding group of monuments in their historical architectural and archaeological context. The shrine of St Edward is a remarkable survival, having been dismantled at the Dissolution and re-erected (incorrectly) in 1557 under Queen Mary. Large areas of missing mosaic were replaced with plaster on to which mosaic designs were carefully painted. This 16th-century fictive mosaic is unique in Britain. Conservation of the sanctuary pavement was accompanied by full archaeological recording with every piece of mosaic decoration drawn and colored by David Neal, phase plans have been prepared, and stone-by-stone examination undertaken, petrologically identifying and recording the locations of all the materials present. It has revealed that both the pavements and tombs include a range of exotic stone types. The Cosmati study has shed fresh light on every aspect of the unique series of monuments in Westminster Abbey; this work will fill a major lacuna in our knowledge of 13th-century English art of the first rank, and will command international interest. Table of Contents The Pavements List of figures Foreword by The Very Reverend Dr John Hall, Dean of Westminster Preface Acknowledgements Summary 1. The cosmatesque pavements and monuments: introduction and contextHistorical and architectural context The mosaic assemblage 2. Historiography and the antiquarian record Early references, 1269–c. 1700 Descriptions and illustrations of the pavements and monuments, 1707–1925 The pavements and monuments in recent scholarship 3. The sanctuary and high altar pavements: past interventions, damage and repair Paving the sanctuary: an historical overview The cosmatesque sanctuary pavement Installation of the Whitehall altarpiece, 1706–07 Sir George Gilbert Scott’s restoration of the sanctuary, 1859–71 4. Description of the sanctuary pavement Purbeck marble matrix Detailed description of the decoration The frame inscriptions Early repairs to the Cosmati pavement by Paul Drury Phasing: construction, alteration and repair 5. Surveying, analyzing and evaluating the sanctuary and high altar pavements Preparatory studies Condition and conservation trials, 1993–98 by Vanessa Simeoni Ground-penetrating radar surveys, 2004-05 by Erica Carrick Utsi The archaeology beneath the pavements: an assessment 6. Conservation and repair of the sanctuary pavement by Vanessa Simeoni Introduction Recording and the sanctuary pavement archive Materials in the pavement Cleaning Laser cleaning Removal of cement patching Purbeck marble: deterioration and treatment Stone tesserae: damage and treatment Glass tesserae Restoration of the western border panel Case study: the central medallion Surface finish Conclusions and post-conservation care 7. St Edward the Confessor’s chapel pavement Past interventions and damage The Purbeck marble matrix Detailed description of the pavement Ground-penetrating radar surveys of the high altar and St Edward’s chapel pavements, 2005 by Erica Carrick Utsi The archaeology beneath the chapel floor 8. Materials employed in the pavements and monuments Antiquarian petrology The stone types by Kevin Hayward Glass: analysis of samples from the sanctuary pavement by Ian Freestone Metals employed in the pavements and monuments Analysis of ‘mastic’ resin on the sanctuary pavement by Ruth Siddall Analysis of the paste-inlaid tesserae by Ruth Siddall Mortars used in the sanctuary pavement by Ruth Siddall Notes to chapters 1 to 8 Plans 1 and 2 (fold-outs at end of volume) VOLUME 2 The Monuments 9. St Edward’s chapel and the context of the shrine Introduction Chronology of St Edward’s enshrinement Evolving topography of St Edward’s chapel Monuments in the chapel: post-medieval interventions and antiquarian investigations Impact of pilgrims and tourists on the chapel and its monuments 10. The shrine-tomb of St Edward the Confessor, I: description and primary fabricIntroduction General description of the shrine-tomb Detailed descriptions of the components Reconstructing the original form of the shrine-tomb Method of construction and assembly The primary inscription: an assessment 11. The shrine-tomb of St Edward the Confessor, II: Tudor reconstruction and overall assessment The feretory canopy (co-operculum) Shrine of St Edward: historical context of its Tudor reconstruction Abbot Feckenham’s reconstruction of the shrine pedestal and altar, 1557 Accident and intervention, 1685-86 St Edward’s coffins Concluding assessment 12. Tomb of King Henry III Introduction and antiquarian descriptions Architectural form of the tomb Detailed description of the mosaic decoration Later interventions 13. Child’s tomb in the south ambulatory Identity of the tomb and its occupants Date and primary location of the tomb Relocation of the tomb in the south ambulatory The tomb-chest Detailed description of the decoration Discussion 14. Related monuments St Edward’s shrine altar Detached architectural fragments The high altar and the Westminster Retable The de Valence tombs Inscription fragment in the floor of St Edward’s chapel 15. The Westminster mosaic assemblage: summary, assessment and dating Luxury paving and mosaic decoration: Westminster in context The sanctuary and its pavements St Edward the Confessor’s chapel and its pavement St Edward’s shrine-tomb and altar Henry III and his shrine-tomb Other tombs Chronology of the Westminster Cosmati episode Appendices 1. The shrine of Edward the Confessor in the records by Matthew Payne Archival references Chronicles 2. Quantification of tesserae in the mosaic pavements and monuments Notes to chapters 9 to 16 Plan 3 (fold-out at end of volume) Abbreviations and bibliography Index

The Cosmatesque Mosaics of Westminster Abbey: The Pavements and Royal Tombs: History, Archaeology, Architecture and Conservation

Neal, David S.

History & Criticism

Canterbury Cathedral possesses a unique marble mosaic pavement, dating from the early twelfth century, which has long intrigued scholars and been the subject of speculation and debate. It forms part of the floor of the Trinity chapel, adjacent to the site where the shrine of St Thomas Becket stood, prior to the Reformation. Since the mosaic is older than the chapel itself and partly destroyed a pavement of figurative roundels, laid c. 1215, it must have been moved here from elsewhere in the cathedral. This volume explores the history and archaeology of the Trinity chapel, the pavement and the physical remains of the cult of Becket, based largely on hitherto unrecorded and unpublished evidence.In the early twelfth century, Archbishop Anselm rebuilt the eastern arm of the cathedral, introducing architectural elements from his native Italy, and these included a magnificent mosaic pavement, composed of the most expensive marbles, which lay in front of the high altar. In 1170, Archbishop Becket was murdered in the cathedral, and his body rested overnight on the pavement before being buried in the crypt. Thomas was immediately revered as a martyr, and in 1173 was canonized by the pope; a simple shrine was erected over his tomb. In the following year, a fire (arson) destroyed the eastern arm of the cathedral, precipitating the construction of the present Trinity and Corona chapels, wherein St Thomas's remains were enshrined.After decades of delay and political strife, the enshrinement took place in 1220, in the presence of Henry III. The shrine comprised a great marble table, supported on six clusters of columns. On top of the table was a marble sarcophagus containing the saint's body in an iron-bound timber coffin, over which stood the sumptuous feretory, a gabled timber 'roof', plated with sheets of gold and adorned with jewels. East of the shrine lies the small Corona chapel in which a fragment of Becket's skull was separately encased in a 'head-shrine', and to the west a large area was paved with forty-eight figurative stone roundels, created by French artisans. All around, stained-glass windows display the early miracles of Becket.The layout of the Trinity chapel underwent transmutations, first around 1230, when the mosaic pavement was taken up from the old presbytery, reduced in size and relaid in front of Becket's shrine, where is it today. Second, the chapel was reordered in c. 1290, when the podium carrying the shrine was enlarged and the paving around it reconfigured. Medieval tombs were now being installed in the chapels, including those of the Black Prince and Henry IV. The end came in 1538, when Henry VIII ordered the thorough destruction of Becket's shrines, but a great deal of archaeological evidence remained in the floors, walls and a few surviving fragments of the shrines, all now recorded and discussed in this volume for the first time.

Canterbury Cathedral, Trinity Chapel: The Archaeology of the Mosaic Pavement and Setting of the Shrine of St Thomas Becket

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