Currently, the research community lacks the capacity to provide accurate, up-to-date information about conditions and trends in rural areas. Bringing together some of the best known rural development researchers, this volume begins to build an information base that can serve as a foundation for rural development policy. It deals with four components of development―education, entrepreneurship, physical infrastructure, and social infrastructure. The opening chapters address two aspects of each component―the use of the component to achieve rural development and measuring the impact of its use. The volume then applies specific analytic methods of measuring impact to each component.
The opening chapters address two aspects of each component―the concept of using that component to achieve rural development and the concept of measuring its impact. The volume then examines analytic methods of measuring impact. Following an overview of analytic methods, chapters apply a different analytic technique to each of the components. The techniques considered include econometric models, computable general equilibrium models, input-output analysis, and the case-study method.

Rural Development Research: A Foundation for Policy (Contributions in Economics and Economic History)

Business & Money

Rowley, Thomas

Reid, J. Norman

Nelson, Glenn

Sears, David W.

Yetley, Mervin J.

Economics

Praeger

If you’re hankering to explore the use of handplanes in woodworking, this succinct but detailed guide will get you started and take you far along your way. Designed especially for the newer handplane user, it describes handplanes and planing methods from the ground up in thorough, easy-to-follow language. Richly illustrated with over 90 color photographs and drawings, Choosing and Using Handplanes answers the questions beginning and intermediate handplane users have about this exciting but sometimes confusing mode of woodworking. In this book, you’ll learn about • The types and uses of different planes • How to set up handplanes for use • Sharpening blades • Planing techniques • Work-holding methods • Buying and restoring old planes • Caring for your planes • Diagnosing and fixing planing problems Foreword by Charles Neil, Furniture Craftsman and Woodworking Instructor

Choosing and Using Handplanes: All You Need to Know to Get Started Planing by Hand

Cobbler Mountain Press

This beautifully-illustrated book explores landscape photography in an easily approachable manner by laying out practical steps you can use to inject more creativity into your own work. It introduces you to many so-called “rules” of landscape photography and invites you to apply them when they work, scrap them when they don’t. And it presents photographs that will challenge you to stretch your own view of what a landscape photograph is. The result is a beautifully-illustrated cookbook of fresh ideas you can try out in your own photography. The 170 photographs, in both color and black and white, offer a wide range of techniques that can be readily applied by photographers with limited time or ability to travel to exotic locations. As landscape photographers, we each yearn to bring home the best photos we can, often those picture postcard shots of places with unusual natural beauty. But aside from being in the right place at the right time with the right gear, what can we do to duplicate the majesty of the jaw-dropping photos we see in books and magazines? And besides, is that all there is to landscape photography? Or are there other ways we can creatively approach the craft of photography that will lead us to achieve our own, unique vision? In this book, you’ll be introduced to a wide variety of techniques you can easily apply to your own photography, including • The rule of thirds • Centered subjects • Positioning the horizon • Showing depth in two dimensions • Incorporating horizontal, curved and zigzag lines and circles • Using triangles in compositions • Showing perspective with receding lines • Using framing and overlapping to show depth • Using atmospheric layers to show distance • Showing distance by using relative scale • Focal length and focus point as compositional techniques • Using lighting and texture in compositions • Color priority and color contrast • Single dominant elements in compositions • Incorporating balance and weight • Symmetry and asymmetry in compositions • The rule of odds • Using repeating elements • Simplicity as a compositional technique • Using themes as organizing principles • Having creative fun in composition • Combining multiple compositional elements Written especially for beginning and intermediate landscape photographers, the book nonetheless assumes you have at least the basic gear you’ll need and that you know how to use it. There are plenty of other guides to help you wade through the wealth of excellent cameras, lenses and other equipment, as well as basic books on exposure and other aspects of using your equipment effectively. By doing so, the text and photos in this book are thus freed to focus entirely on ways you can achieve greater creativity in composition and how you can freshen your approach to photographing the world around you. By clarifying the concept of creativity and stretching your definition of what makes a landscape photograph, this book will spur you on to see new compositional possibilities as you progress toward establishing your individual photographic style. The author has more than 35 years’ experience in photographing landscapes on four continents. His photographs have been published thousands of times and are available through several microstock agencies.

Creative Composition for Landscape Photography: A Visual Guide to Improving Your Photographs

Arts & Photography

Photography & Video

CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform

There are lots of reasons why model railroaders want to photograph their layouts. Many want to show off their craftsmanship on Facebook, in blogs or elsewhere on the web. Club newsletters need photos from individual or club layouts. And some model railroad organizations like the NMRA sponsor photo competitions with the chance for prizes and recognition. Others want to sell their surplus trains on eBay or other auction sites and know that good photos bring higher prices. Modelers with major investments in their models and layouts need documentation for insurance and estate purposes. Model railroaders who make club presentations or conduct clinics at conferences know that the quality of their photos can make or break their presentation and that professional-level photography is a plus in these settings. This is even more true for photos intended for publication in magazines and books, where special requirements must be met and only the best will do.The ability to post videos to Facebook or YouTube, combined with the miniaturization of video cameras, has led to an explosion in the popularity of model railroad videos and opened an entirely new field for model railroad photography. In addition, this fact remains: making and showing photos of your layout is simply fun!Shooting Iron Horses has several main objectives: -To explain how to set up outstanding photos of your trains and layouts-To demystify the processes for making high quality photos and videos-To help you avoid common mistakes and adopt best practicesIn this book you'll learn: -How to start making photos and videos quickly-What makes effective subjects for model railroad photos and videos-How lighting can make or break your photos-How to make your best shots-How to do focus stacking-How to add smoke to your locomotive photos-How to process your photos and videos once you've made them-How you can use your photos and videos in a variety of ways-What gear you'll need and how to choose it-And much more!The authors have long experience as model railroaders and photographers. Their published work includes a book on landscape photography, Creative Composition for Landscape Photography, and an in-process book on close-up and macrophotography. They have made public presentations on using focus stacking to enhance sharpness throughout the miniature scenes found on model railroad layouts.

Shooting Iron Horses: Photographing Your Model Railroad

Fleisher, Jeffrey J.

Lulu

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Books by Reid, J. Norman