Afghan women have faced an exhaustive struggle in the battle to change their status and improve their situation. Emadi takes a long look at the role of development and modernization policies implemented by the state in the pre- and post-Soviet eras, under the Taliban, and beyond. He finds that such policies have failed to bring about much- needed change and improvement for women. Modernization strategies benefited only a small segment of urban women and left the plight of rural women unchanged. Although a small segment of middle- and upper-class women organized themselves and fought to bring about changes in their status and to end gender inequality, their efforts alone did not meet with much success.
Islamic orthodoxy and orthopraxy in the Taliban era restricted women's freedom of movement, access to education, and medical care. Using personal accounts not readily available to researchers or scholars, Emadi explores the diverse factors that contributed to women's oppression both at home and in society. This study provides a detailed analysis of state policies toward women's emancipation within the context of a traditional Islamic society. It chronicles the course of the women's movement and women's organizations still active in the political arena and puts forth an alternative plan to involve women in the reconstruction process in both urban and rural areas.

Port Planning and Management Simulation

History

Wang, Wenyuan

Peng, Yun

Middle East

Elsevier

Port Planning and Management Simulation examines port planning simulation applications, showing how they supports better port decision-making. Using a clear organizational format based on actual port system structure and operation processes, the book provides practical and theoretical insights on port planning and management. The book describes the water, land, collecting and distributing components of the port system, focusing on management, development, and risk mitigation. It examines the key challenges based on discrete system simulation theory that is less affected by local or national regulations. It compares various simulation scenarios for optimal port operational strategy. It quantifies port emissions, analyzes the impact of different reduction strategies, and presents operational strategies for green port planning developmentmand management. Port Planning and Management Simulation provides guidance for carrying out deep analysis in a complex and dynamic system, providing an integrated solution framework based on simulation techniques for improving efficiency and cost savings of the port system.

Engineering & Transportation

Transportation

Making a diagnosis when something goes wrong with a natural or m- made system can be difficult. In many fields, such as medicine or electr- ics, a long training period and apprenticeship are required to become a skilled diagnostician. During this time a novice diagnostician is asked to assimilate a large amount of knowledge about the class of systems to be diagnosed. In contrast, the novice is not really taught how to reason with this knowledge in arriving at a conclusion or a diagnosis, except perhaps implicitly through ease examples. This would seem to indicate that many of the essential aspects of diagnostic reasoning are a type of intuiti- based, common sense reasoning. More precisely, diagnostic reasoning can be classified as a type of inf- ence known as abductive reasoning or abduction. Abduction is defined to be a process of generating a plausible explanation for a given set of obs- vations or facts. Although mentioned in Aristotle's work, the study of f- mal aspects of abduction did not really start until about a century ago.

Abductive Inference Models for Diagnostic Problem-Solving (Symbolic Computation)

Computers & Technology

Reggia, James A.

Computer Science

Springer

Abductive Inference Models for Diagnostic Problem-Solving (Artificial Intelligence)

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