Approximately 70 percent of the world's population is concentrated in the coastal borderlands, which geologists recognize to be the present continental margins. This new book on these continental margins provides a detailed account of a meeting which brought together specialists in marine and terrestrial geology, geochemistry, and geophysics. The workshop garnered widespread support and enthusiasm for a new direction in margins research focused on interdisciplinary studies of the fundamental processes of continental margin evolution. Scientific problems and solutions were identified for both divergent and convergent margins. Results of the workshop show that many of the fundamental plate interaction processes are common to all margins, whether formed by extension, contraction, or translation. This conclusion suggests a unified approach to margins research. A margins initiative has been proposed to follow up on the workshop results by developing science programs aimed at understanding the processes that control the initiation and evolution of continental margins. Table of ContentsFront MatterPart I: Report of the Continental Margins WorkshopExecutive Summary1 Introduction2 Results of the Workshop3 Components of a Margins InitiativePart II: Reports of the Working Groups4 Passive Margins: Group 15 Passive Margins: Group 26 Passive Margins: Group 37 Active Margins: Group 18 Active Margins: Group 29 Active Margins: Group 310 Supplementary Note on Rock Mechanics Problems at Active MarginsPart III: Background PapersAppendix: List of Participants

Margins: A Research Initiative for Interdisciplinary Studies of the Processes Attending Lithospheric Extension and Convergence

Science & Math

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications

Ocean Studies Board

National, Research Council

Continental Margins Committee

Earth Sciences

National Academies Press

Oceanography has moved into the spotlight of urgent social concern, because of the oceans' impact on issues such as global climate change, biodiversity, and even national security. This new volume points to improved partnerships between ocean scientists, federal agencies, and the oceanographic institutions as the key to understanding the oceans and their effects on our lives. Oceanography in the Next Decade outlines pressing marine research problems and offers recommendations for how they may be solved, with detailed discussions of <ul>
<li>How oceanographic research is currently conducted. 
</li> <li>Recent discoveries and research needs in four subdisciplines--physical, chemical, geological, and biological. 
</li> <li>Coastal oceanography, which is important because of growing coastal populations. 
</li> <li>The infrastructure of oceanography, with a wealth of information about human, equipment, and financial resources. 
</li> <li>A blueprint for more productive partnerships between academic oceanographers and federal agencies. 
</li> </ul>
This comprehensive look at challenges and opportunities in oceanography will be important to researchers, faculty, and students in the field as well as federal policymakers, research administrators, and environmental professionals. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Toward New Partnerships in Ocean Sciences</li>
<li>3 Future Directions in Ocean Sciences</li>
<li>4 Human, Physical, and Fiscal Resources</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>I. How the Study Was Conducted</li>
<li>II. Abbreviations and Acronyms</li>
<li>III. Recent Workshop and Other Reports Relevant to Discussion in 'Directions in Biological Oceanography'</li>
<li>IV. Oceanography Manpower Assessment Questionaire: Academic Form</li>
<li>V. Oceanography Manpower Assessment Questionaire: Federal Laboratory Form</li>
<li>VI. Institutional Respondents to Manpower Survey</li>
<li>VII. Federal Respondents to Manpower Survey</li>
<li>Index</li>
<li>Supplementary Photo Plates</li>
</ul>

Oceanography in the Next Decade: Building New Partnerships

Division on Earth and Life Studies

Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources

This book both describes the chemical parameters that must be measured in the ocean in order to improve our understanding of the ocean's role in the global carbon cycle and recommends technologies of analytical chemistry that could be applied to these parameters. Additionally, the volume recommends how the federal government, ocean scientists, and analytical chemists could work together more closely to speed development of new instruments and implementation of new techniques. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummaryIntroductionOceanographic MeasurementsTechnologies for Chemical MeasurementsRecommendations and ImplementationReferences

Applications of Analytical Chemistry to Oceanic Carbon Cycle Studies

Committee on Oceanic Carbon

Chemistry

What role does the ocean play in global climate change? Although not fully understood, there is general agreement that it is significant. Therefore, the scientific community has initiated large-scale research programs based on studies of the ocean and its relation to global climate and climate-related processes. This volume provides brief summaries and reports on the progress of the major oceanographic research programs. It looks at both programs that study processes that occur over periods ranging from days to hundreds of years--the contemporary system--and those that seek to understand long-term variations ranging from thousands to millions of years--the geological perspective. Table of ContentsFRONT MATTERINTRODUCTIONTHE CONTEMPORARY SYSTEMTHE GEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVECROSSCUTTING ISSUESCONCLUSIONSAPPENDIX I - LIST OF ACRONYMSAPPENDIX II - PARAMETERS OF IMPORTANCE FOR UNDERSTANDING THE OCEAN'S ROLE IN GLOBAL CHANGEAPPENDIX III - BIBLIOGRAPHY, PROGRAM DOCUMENTS, AND ADDRESSES

The Ocean's Role in Global Change: Progress of Major Research Programs

Fluctuations and declines in marine fish populations have caused growing concern among marine scientists, fisheries managers, commercial and recreational fishers, and the public. Sustaining Marine Fisheries explores the nature of marine ecosystems and the complex interacting factors that shape their productivity. The book documents the condition of marine fisheries today, highlighting species and geographic areas that are under particular stress. Challenges to achieving sustainability are discussed, and shortcomings of existing fisheries management and regulation are examined. The volume calls for fisheries management to adopt a broader ecosystem perspective that encompasses all relevant environmental and human influences. Sustaining Marine Fisheries offers new approaches to building workable fisheries management institutions, improving scientific data, and developing management tools. The book recommends ways to change current practices that encourage overexploitation of fish resources. It will be of special interest to marine policymakers and ecologists, fisheries regulators and managers, fisheries scientists and marine ecologists, fishers, and concerned individuals. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Current Status of Marine Fisheries</li>
<li>3 Fishing and Marine Ecosystems</li>
<li>4 Diagnosing the Problems</li>
<li>5 Options for Achieving Sustainability</li>
<li>6 Conclusions and Recommendations</li>
<li>Literature Cited</li>
<li>Appendix A</li>
<li>Appendix B</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Sustaining Marine Fisheries

Business & Money

Committee on Ecosystem Management for Sustainable Marine Fisheries

Economics

Ocean harvests have plateaued worldwide and many important commercial stocks have been depleted. This has caused great concern among scientists, fishery managers, the fishing community, and the public. This book evaluates the major models used for estimating the size and structure of marine fish populations (stock assessments) and changes in populations over time. It demonstrates how problems that may occur in fisheries data--for example underreporting or changes in the likelihood that fish can be caught with a given type of gear--can seriously degrade the quality of stock assessments. The volume makes recommendations for means to improve stock assessments and their use in fishery management. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Data</li>
<li>3 Assessment Methods</li>
<li>4 Harvest Strategies</li>
<li>5 Simulations</li>
<li>6 Findings and Recommendations</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A</li>
<li>Appendix B</li>
<li>Appendix C</li>
<li>Appendix D</li>
<li>Appendix E</li>
<li>Appendix F</li>
<li>Appendix G</li>
<li>Appendix H</li>
<li>Appendix I</li>
<li>Appendix J</li>
<li>Appendix K</li>
</ul>

Improving Fish Stock Assessments

Committee on Fish Stock Assessment Methods

Biological Sciences

Building Ocean Science Partnerships describes a set of potential ocean science projects for cooperative research between scientists from the United States and Mexico, particularly focused on the Pacific Coast of California and Baja California, the Gulf of California, and the Gulf of Mexico. Barriers to cooperation between scientists of the two nations are identified, and methods to overcome such barriers are recommended.  The book describes how interactions can be promoted by enhancing opportunities for education and training, building and sharing scientific infrastructure, participating together in large-scale marine research programs and regional ocean observing systems, planning joint science events and publications, and developing sources of binational funding. Building Ocean Science Partnerships will be published in English and Spanish to make its contents widely accessible in the United States and Mexico. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 Introduction2 Examples of Promising Science Programs and Projects3 Actions to Improve Cooperation and Influence Ocean Science Policymaking4 Findings and RecommendationsReferencesAPPENDIX A: Agreement To Form AMC-NRC Joint Working Group On Ocean Sciences (April 67, 1994)APPENDIX B: Biographies of Joint Working Group MembersAPPENDIX C: Definition of AcronymsFull-Text Spanish Version of Building Ocean SciencesResumen Ejecutivo1 Introduccin2 Ejemplos de Proyectos y Programas Cientficos Promisorios3 Acciones para Mejorar la Cooperacin e Influir en el Establecimiento de Polticas en el Campo de las Ciencias Ocenicas4 Hallazgos y RecomendacionesReferenciasApndice A Acuredo de la AMC-NRC para Crear un Grupo de Trabajo Conjunto sobre Ciencias OcenicasAPNDICE B Biografas de los Miembros del Grupo Conjunto de TrabajoApndice C Definici de Acronismos

Building Ocean Science Partnerships: The United States and Mexico Working Together

AMC-NRC Joint Working Group on Ocean Sciences

Academia Mexicana de Ciencias

Ocean Board

International

The collapse of cod, flounder, and haddock fish stocks in the Northeast United States has caused widespread concern among managers and fishers in the United States and Canada. The diminishing stocks have forced managers to take strict regulatory measures. Numerous questions have been raised about the adequacy of stock assessment science used to evaluate the status of these stocks and the appropriateness of the management measures taken. Based on these concerns, Congress mandated that a scientific review of the methodology and data used to evaluate these stocks be conducted. In this volume, the committee concludes that although there are improvements to be made in data collection, modeling uncertainty, and communicating between fishers, managers, and scientists, the scientific methods used in the Northeast stock assessments are sound. Recommendations are made on how the stock assessment process can be improved. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive SummaryIntroductionGeneral Review of Northeast Groundfish Stock AssessmentsReview of Details of Northeast Groundfish Stock AssessmentsScience and ManagementConclusionsReferencesAppendixesA. Mandate from Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation Management ActB. Committee BiographiesC. Materials Received from National Marine Fisheries ServiceD. Presentation to the Committee by NMFS ScientistsE. GlossaryF. Extending Data Series and Alternative Projection Results for Gulf of Maine Cod

Review of Northeast Fishery Stock Assessments

Committee to Review Northeast Fishery Stock Assessments

This book reviews the performance and effectiveness of the Community Development Quotas (CDQ) programs that were formed as a result of the Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996. The CDQ program is a method of allocating access to fisheries to eligible communities with the intent of promoting local social and economic conditions through participation in fishing-related activities. The book looks at those Alaskan fisheries that have experience with CDQs, such as halibut, pollock, sablefish, and crab, and comments on the extent to which the programs have met their objectives--helping communities develop ongoing commercial fishing and processing activities, creating employment opportunities, and providing capital for investment in fishing, processing, and support projects such as infrastructure. It also considers how CDQ-type programs might apply in the Western Pacific. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Description of the CDQ Region and Fishery</li>
<li>3 Overview of the Community Development Program</li>
<li>4 Evaluation of the Performance of Community Development Quota Program</li>
<li>5 Broader Issues and Considerations</li>
<li>6 Communities and Fisheries of the Western Pacific</li>
<li>7 Conclusions and Recommendations</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Authorizing Legislation</li>
<li>Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of the Committee's Members</li>
<li>Appendix C: Acknowledgments</li>
<li>Appendix D: State of Alaska CDQ Regulations</li>
<li>Appendix E: Federal CDQ Regulations</li>
<li>Appendix F: Investments Pursued By CDQ Groups</li>
<li>Appendix G: Glossary</li>
</ul>

The Community Development Quota Program in Alaska

Polar Research Board

Committee to Review the Community Development Quota Program

Most U.S. fish stocks are fully or over-exploited, and harvesting in many fisheries far exceeds sustainable levels. The individual fishing quota (IFQ) is a relatively new instrument under which harvesting privileges are allocated to individual fishermen--innovative yet controversial for its feared effect on fishing communities and individual fishermen. Based on testimony from fishermen, regulators, environmentalists, and others, Sharing the Fish explores how IFQs might address the serious social, economic, and biologic issues raised by depleted fish stocks. In their approach to a national policy on IFQs, the panel makes direct recommendations to Congress, the Secretary of Commerce, the National Marine Fisheries Service, regional fishery management councils, state authorities, and others. This book provides definitions and examples, reviews legislation and regulations, and includes lessons learned from fisheries on the U.S. East Coast and in Alaska, and in Iceland, New Zealand, and other nations. The committee discusses the public trust doctrine, management of common-pool resources, alternative and complementary approaches to the IFQ, and more. Sharing the Fish provides straightforward answers that will be important to fishery policymakers and regulators, natural resource economists, fishery managers, environmental advocates, and concerned fishermen and their communities. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Fisheries Compared with Other Natural Resources</li>
<li>3 U.S. and Foreign Experience: Lessons Learned</li>
<li>4 Alternative Conservation and Management Measures</li>
<li>5 Considerations for a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas</li>
<li>6 Findings and Recommendations</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>A Relevant Sections of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act</li>
<li>B Committee Biographies</li>
<li>C Relevant Section from the Shipping Act of 1916</li>
<li>D National Standards in the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act</li>
<li>E History of Changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act</li>
<li>F Acronyms and Glossary</li>
<li>G Individual Fishing Quota Case Studies</li>
<li>H Potential Economic Costs and Benefits of Individual Fishing Quotas to the Nation</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas

Committee to Review Individual Fishing Quotas

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