In 1981 the Organization of African Unity (OAU) mandated and fielded the first regional peacekeeping operation since the Arab League's mission in Kuwait 20 years earlier. Battalion-sized contingents from Nigeria, Senegal, and Zaire were joined by smaller observer contingents from other OAU members in an effort to provide a buffer zone between the two main factions in the Chadian civil war.
Mays opens his analysis by providing an overview of the concept of peacekeeping. Several definitions are offered to help distinguish between the various types of peace operations. After examining the concept hegemon, he looks at the ways regional and subregional hegemons utilize peacekeeping operations as foreign policy tools as they protect their interests. Mays argues that Nigeria, as a West African hegemon, served as the moving force behind the mandating and fielding of the OAU peacekeeping mission in Chad. Rather than being purely humanitarian in nature, Nigeria's motivation included the removal of French and later Libyan soldiers from a weak state on its border. However, Nigeria could not perform the task alone. France and the United States were instrumental as well in the mandating and fielding process. French and American interests stemmed from concern over Libyan motives in Chad. Nigeria kept the effort to mandate the peacekeeping operation alive for two years; France proved to be the stimulus behind persuading the Chadian government to accept the deployment of OAU peacekeepers and prompting the Senegalese to contribute a battalion to the mission; the United States contributed by keeping France and Nigeria focused on a peacekeeping solution and helping persuade Zaire to join the mission. 
Mays offers the first comprehensive examination of the OAU peacekeeping mission and reviews the political and military organization of the force as well as its deployment, redeployment plans, logistics, and operations between the Chadian factions. Utilizing an extensive collection of resources, including interviews with participants, diplomats, and government documents, he provdies a detailed examination of every meeting/conference between 1979 and 1981 that discussed a peacekeeping option for Chad. Factors of success in traditional peacekeeping operations are applied to the OAU mission, and he concludes by reviewing the impact of the 1981-1982 OAU operation on current African peacekeeping trends. An invaluable analysis for scholars, students, and other researchers involved with peacekeeping, international relations, and African studies.

Africa's First Peacekeeping Operation: The OAU in Chad, 1981-1982

History

Mays, Terry M.

Africa

Praeger

Aerial night fighting against the Japanese in World War II demanded the merger of a special type of pilot and plane. This is the story of those pilots who risked their lives night after night flying P-38 Lightnings, P-70 Nighthawks, and P-61 Black Widows - America's first purposely designed night fighter - for the 13th Air Force in the South and Southwest Pacific between 1943 and 1945. Night fighting included aerial intercepts of Japanese aircraft as well as raids against Japanese installations. This book provides detailed accounts of all these missions including the first solo night fighter raid over the highly defended Japanese base at Rabaul, night aerial combat against Japanese bombers and fighters, and harrowing night attacks against Japanese ground targets. Coverage of American night fighter tactics and Japanese counter-tactics add to the tale as 13th Air Force pilots battled the Japanese for control of the night skies.

Night Hawks and Black Widows: 13th Air Force Night Fighters in the South and Southwest Pacific • 1943-1945

Military

Schiffer Military History

This operational history of the XX (20th) Bomber Command and its combat missions from India and China in 1944 and 1945 traces the development of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress program and the Allied plans to stage long-range bombers through China for strikes against Japan’s strategic industries. Each of the 49 combat missions flown by the XX Bomber Command from India and China is examined, producing the first detailed history of the B-29 campaign flown from these countries. The book is written almost exclusively from primary source material—World War II documents, crew member memoirs, and personal interviews. Special sections within the book examine issues related to flying across the “Hump” between India and China; General Curtis LeMay’s reorganization of B-29 operations; and the night fighter defense of the B-29 forward airfields in China.

Matterhorn--The Operational History of the US XX Bomber Command from India and China: 1944-1945

Asia

Applies a dictionary format to review African international organizations as well as selected global and regional bodies with extensive African membership. The work contains entries on prominent Africans who have served with sub-regional, continental, and global international organizations, as well as including reviews of events and terminology associated with the topic. Includes a 20-page introduction to the subject, a chronology, a comprehensive acronym list, and an extensive 200-page bibliography. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.

Historical Dictionary of International Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa

Reference

DeLancey, Mark W.

Dictionaries & Thesauruses

Scarecrow Pr

Contains detailed entries on the multitude of peacekeeping operations since 1920, prominent individuals, the international organizations which have mandated the operations, important events, and terminology.

Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping

The Scarecrow Press, Inc.

Although often overly romanticized, the American Revolution remains a pivotal period in the history of the United States of America. Beyond the essential history of military leaders and campaigns are the intertwined social and political issues of representation, colonialism, and taxation that drove the American colonies to armed conflict with Great Britain, and eventually produced a new, independent America. The book is organized into several distinct sections. An introduction discusses the numerous vectors of power that intersected to create a political atmosphere of revolution in the American colonies. The first section is a detailed chronology of the political and military events surrounding the American Revolution. The second section is a dictionary that includes entries about important persons, places, institutions, social and political conditions, and military engagements. The Southern campaigns from 1778 to 1781, which are often scantily detailed in American Revolution histories, receive full discussion. The third section is a selected bibliography that organizes the large number of sources and accounts of the American Revolution. The fourth section is a collection of primary documents from the time period that produce ample insight into the ways of thinking about this crucial moment in American history. The abundance of material on the American Revolutionary War only makes this volume more valuable as an immediate and concise reference source. The essential information is pleasantly organized in the "Historical Dictionary of the American Revolution", and allows for a quick understanding of the important topics of the war.

Historical Dictionary of the American Revolution (Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest)

Americas

Scarecrow Press

Over a quarter of the world's states are located in Africa where one can find a surprisingly large number of international organizations. Many of these organizations frequently change their names, membership, levels of activity, and sometimes even purpose. Providing readers with a tool to cut through the confusion, this work traces changes in the development and progression of these organizations. It also provides entries for the new organizations that have been chartered since 1995, including valuable updates to previously existing ones.Contains:o An insightful introductiono Up-to-date chronologyo A comprehensive acronym list in English and Frencho An extensive bibliographyo Reviews of events

Historical Dictionary of International Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa (Volume 21) (Historical Dictionaries of International Organizations, 21)

This updated and revised edition traces the development of multinational peacekeeping since the formation of the League of Nations, and reviews peacekeeping operations mandated by a wide range of international organizations and state coalitions. The work contains detailed entries on peacekeeping operations since 1920, including the 43 new peacekeeping operations mandated since the publication of the first edition; key military and civilian individuals involved in the operations; overviews of the political crises requiring intervention; the international organizations that have mandated the operations, specific events during the multinational missions; and the terminology associated with the topic.  The book provides an insightful introduction to the subject, an up-to-date chronology, a comprehensive acronym list, an extensive bibliography, and examples of peacekeeping-related documents. The volume will serve the needs of students, scholars, diplomats, and others with an interest in deciphering the world of multinational peacekeeping. Readers will be able to cut through any confusion and gain a better understanding of the many military missions fielded by international organizations since 1920.

Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping (Historical Dictionaries of International Organizations Series)

Historical Study & Educational Resources

The American Revolution was one of the most significant events in modern history. Not only did it demonstrate the ability of a significantly smaller group of people to rebel against their oppressors, it also spawned what would become the most powerful country in the world. And while these feats were impressive, it was the drafting of a constitution, the forging of a union between divided states, and the fashioning of a truly democratic form of government that caused this event to go down in the annals of history.The A to Z of Revolutionary America is not just about the grievances that led to war nor the actual war itself, but the subsequent period of trial and error―when success was far from certain and failure could never be ruled out―in which the thirteen states and those that followed were welded into the United States of America. This important epoch is examined in an introductory essay; a chronology; a bibliography; appendixes documenting the signers of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, and a list of all the Presidents of Congress under the Articles of Confederation; and over 1,100 cross-referenced dictionary entries on significant people as well as the political, economic, and social events of the era.

The A to Z of Revolutionary America (Volume 25) (The A to Z Guide Series, 25)

The American Revolution was perhaps the most significant event in modern history. It forever demonstrated the ability of a significantly smaller group of people to rebel against their oppressors. On top of that it also gave birth to what would become the most powerful country in the world. And while these feats were impressive, it was the drafting of a constitution, the forging of a union between divided states, and the fashioning of a truly democratic form of government that caused this event to go down in the annals of history.Thus, the Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary America is not just about the grievances that led to war nor the actual war itself, but more particularly the subsequent period of trial and error - when success was far from certain and failure could never be ruled out - in which the thirteen states and those that followed were welded into the United States of America. To do this, Mays employs:· an introductory essay and chronology outlining the events· over 1100 dictionary entries on significant people as well as the political, economic, and social events of the era· an extensive bibliography organized into nearly 100 different categories to facilitate additional research· appendices documenting the signers of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution· a fourth appendix lists all the Presidents of Congress under the Articles of Confederation

Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary America (Volume 3) (Historical Dictionaries of U.S. Politics and Political Eras, 3)

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