Operads are mathematical devices which describe algebraic structures of many varieties and in various categories. Operads are particularly important in categories with a good notion of "homotopy" where they play a key role in organizing hierarchies of higher homotopies. Significant examples first appeared in the sixties though the formal definition and appropriate generality waited for the seventies. These early occurrences were in algebraic topology in the study of (iterated) loop spaces and their chain algebras. In the nineties, there was a renaissance and further development of the theory inspired by the discovery of new relationships with graph cohomology, representation theory, algebraic geometry, derived categories, Morse theory, symplectic and contact geometry, combinatorics, knot theory, moduli spaces, cyclic cohomology, and, not least, theoretical physics, especially string field theory and deformation quantization. The generalization of quadratic duality (e.g., Lie algebras as dual to commutative algebras) together with the property of Koszulness in an essentially operadic context provided an additional computational tool for studying homotopy properties outside of the topological setting. The book contains a detailed and comprehensive historical introduction describing the development of operad theory from the initial period when it was a rather specialized tool in homotopy theory to the present when operads have a wide range of applications in algebra, topology, and mathematical physics. Many results and applications currently scattered in the literature are brought together here along with new results and insights. The basic definitions and constructions are carefully explained and include many details not found in any of the standard literature. There is a chapter on topology, reviewing classical results with the emphasis on the $W$-construction and homotopy invariance. Another chapter describes the (co)homology of operad algebras, minimal models, and homotopy algebras. A chapter on geometry focuses on the configuration spaces and their compactifications. A final chapter deals with cyclic and modular operads and applications to graph complexes and moduli spaces of surfaces of arbitrary genus.

Operads in Algebra, Topology and Physics (Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, 96)

Science & Math

Martin Markl

Steve Shnider

and Jim Stasheff

Mathematics

American Mathematical Society

This book brings together both the classical and current aspects of deformation theory. The presentation is mostly self-contained, assuming only basic knowledge of commutative algebra, homological algebra and category theory. In the interest of readability, some technically complicated proofs have been omitted when a suitable reference was available. The relation between the uniform continuity of algebraic maps and topologized tensor products is explained in detail, however, as this subject does not seem to be commonly known and the literature is scarce. The exposition begins by recalling Gerstenhaber's classical theory for associative algebras. The focus then shifts to a homotopy-invariant setup of Maurer-Cartan moduli spaces. As an application, Kontsevich's approach to deformation quantization of Poisson manifolds is reviewed. Then, after a brief introduction to operads, a strongly homotopy Lie algebra governing deformations of (diagrams of) algebras of a given type is described, followed by examples and generalizations.

Deformation Theory of Algebras and Their Diagrams (CBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics, 116)

DEFORMATION THEORY OF ALGEBRAS & THEIR DIAGRA [Paperback] MARTIN MARKL

Orient Blackswan

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Books by Martin Markl