A study of the political and military genius of Menelik II, who defeated late 19th century European imperialism.

The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913

Biographies & Memoirs

Marcus, Harold G.

Reference & Collections

Oxford Univ. Pr.

Ethiopia, Great Britain, and the United States, 1941-1974: The Politics of Empire

Politics & Social Sciences

Politics & Government

Univ. Of California Pr.

Always controversial during his lifetime, Haile Sellassie became, after his dethronement in 1974, a political icon to some, a monster to others, and to all a legend. There is no understanding modern Ethiopia without a grasp of the emperor's life. This first volume of a projected three-volume biography describes Haile Sellasie's early training as a member of a cultural and political elite, a conditioning that led him to believe it was normal for the elite (later an oligarchy) to govern and exploit Ethiopia, even if many of its peoples did not benefit from the prevailing order. Once he became emperor, he viewed himself as the embodiment of Ethiopia's proud sovereignty and independence. Haile Sellasie was the architect of the centralized Ethiopian state. He transformed Addis Abeba, his ramshackle capital, into a core city, educated a cadre of "Young Ethiopians"; and developed the central government. He managed his country's political and economic entry into the modern world and in the process made Ethiopia the central actor in Northeast Africa and himself a global figure. Between 1920 and 1935 Ethiopia mad important and obvious progress toward modernization which Italy regarded as potentially threatening to its African colonies. Haile Sellasie, ever jealous of his country's sovereignty, redirected trade away from Europe toward Japan and the United States. By doing so he robbed France of a good economic reason to protect Ethiopia from Italy, he alienated Great Britain, and he permitted Rome to contemplate his nation's conquest. By 1934 Ethiopia was without allies and without the means to counter the Italian aggression. The emperor suffered defeat, exile, and despair but he would return in 1941, as a phoenix, to restore the status quo ante.

Haile Sellassie I: The Formative Years 1892-1936 (Vol. 1)

University of California Press

In this readable and concise history of Ethiopia, Harold Marcus surveys the evolution of the oldest African nation from prehistory to the present. Based on a thorough reading of post-World War II scholarship, Marcus demonstrates that there is more to Ethiopia's existence than the ambitions of any one group. While Ethiopia has from time to time separated into component parts, it has never disappeared as an idea and has always reappeared in fact. Marcus concludes that now, as in the past, geography, economics, and culture will, in the end, prevail in uniting Ethiopia's diverse peoples against the forces of ethnic and religious factionalization.

A History of Ethiopia

History

Africa

In this readable and concise history of Ethiopia, Harold Marcus surveys the evolution of the oldest African nation from prehistory to the present. Based on a thorough reading of post-World War II scholarship, Marcus demonstrates that there is more to Ethiopia's existence than the ambitions of any one group. While Ethiopia has from time to time separated into component parts, it has never disappeared as an idea and has always reappeared in fact. Marcus concludes that now, as in the past, geography, economics, and culture will, in the end, prevail in uniting Ethiopia's diverse peoples against the forces of ethnic and religious factionalization.

In this eminently readable, concise history of Ethiopia, Harold Marcus surveys the evolution of the oldest African nation from prehistory to the present. For the updated edition, Marcus has written a new preface, two new chapters, and an epilogue, detailing the development and implications of Ethiopia as a Federal state and the war with Eritrea.

A History of Ethiopia Updated Edition

The Modern History of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa: A Select and Annotated Bibliography,

Reference

Hoover Inst Pr

The Politics of Empire: Ethiopia, Great Britain, and the United States, 1941-1974

Red Sea Pr

The Politics of Empire: Ethiopia, Great Britain and the United States 1941-1974

His role approximated Europe's absolutist rulers of the transitional period between feudalism and capitalism.  Like his Western counterparts, Haile Sellassie introduced a standing army, a permanent bureaucracy, new forms of taxation, uniform laws, and the mechanisms of a national economy.  He also came to control the landed aristocracy, whose authority he redefined and whose functions he redirected to strengthen his increasingly centralized state.  The emperor supported his programs through more efficient exploitation of the existing modes of agricultural production, in whose interstices merchant capitalism grew in cooperation with the ruling elites.  Even though the Ethiopian absolutist social formation anticipated a more advanced method of production, it contained elements of social organization that characterized earlier centralized empires.  As had the Egyptian pharaoh, the Chinese emperor, and the Persian king of kings, Haile Sellassie constructed a bureaucracy in which talent, skill, achievement, and, above all, loyalty to the ruler counted more than ethnic or social origins.  The emperor's men ensured that the crown received a continuous flow of resources to maintain the machinery of royal and bureaucratic authority.  Together with their patron, "they strove to concentrate in their own hands, the main centers of power and control in the country"; they codified and unified law, regularized revenue collection, and standardized administrative practices.  The bureaucrats also helped to portray the ruler as the heir to ancient cultural traditions, whose importance would be strengthened through his governance.  The king and his men fostered belief in ancient prescriptions through educational, cultural, and religious institutions.  Uninterested in any new and secular legitimation base his authority on traditional or charismatic themes and on the mystification surrounding the monarchy.  As this study reveals, Haile Sellassie built a bureaucratic, absolutist monarchy that related to the world capitalist economy.  Yet, however much such an abstraction helps us to understand the complexities of a period of long personal rule, it would have meant little to the emperor himself, involved as he was in the daily business of power and authority.  Haile Sellassie viewed himself as the embodiment of Ethiopia's proud sovereignty and independence.  His national vision derived from his early experiences as heir of Ras Makonnen, a military ruler whose army kept order and whose officers constituted an oligarchy that exploited a polyglot, non-Christian population.  Haile Sellassie naturally regarded this political order as normal and in the best interests of Ethiopia's peoples.  He governed, as had his immediate predecessors, by acting as the country's balancer of power, a method that worked well in a customary government that mediated between the ruling classes and the masses.  His limited Western education directed him toward change, however, and he introduced modern institutions whose functions he never clearly understood.  He found them useful, however, because they added to imperial power and to the authority of the central government that acted in the emperor's name.  Haile Sellassie always worked behind the scenes, manipulating actors and events to his advantage.  His political goals were obvious, even if his tactics were concealed.  He was always involved, though always proclaiming his innocence, his inaction, his isolation from events.  He never admitted his nature as a politician but posed as a tool of fate, ready to do God's will or the will of the people.  His apparent noninvolvement in politics only underscores the obscurity in which he maneuvered; the emperor's deft hand was invariably apparent in retrospect, and his careful planning became as obvious a success.  He was such a good actor, however , that even thoughtful persons never understood the Haile Sellassie was able to educate a cadre of "Young Ethiopians" to strengthen the central government, to transform Addis Ababa, his ramshackle capital, into a leading city, and to begin securing Ethiopia's frontiers from encroachment by adjacent colonial powers.  Ever jealous of his country's sovereignty and independence, the emperor also directed Ethiopia's trade and other activities away from its traditional European partners toward Japan and America, both of whom he believed supported his country's independence.  By so doing, he robbed France of a good economic reason to protect Ethiopia from Italy; he alienated Great Britain; and he permitted Italy to contemplate his nation's conquest.  Mussolini regarded Ethiopia's progress, especially after 1928, when Haile Sellassie gained indisputable power, as potentially threatening Somalia and Eritrea and as marking Italy's failure to transform the Solomonic Empire into a roman colony.  During 1930-1932, domestic political considerations drove him to consider an attack on Ethiopia, and by 1934-1935, the European situation permitted the aggression.  By then, Ethiopia was without allies and without the means to counter the Fascists.  Haile Sellassie learned, as would other leaders, that collective security was the opiate of small, defenseless countries.  Although the emperor would suffer defeat, despair, and exile, he would return in 1941, as a phoenix, to restore the status quo ante.

Haile Sellassie I: The Formative Years 1892-1936

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