The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) was established by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968. The Act was in response to Congress finding that: • Flooding disasters required unforeseen disaster relief and placed an increased burden on the nation’s resources. • The installation of flood preventive and protective measures and other public programs designed to reduce losses caused by flood damage had not been sufficient to adequately protect against the growing exposure to flood losses as a matter of national policy. A reasonable method of slowing the risk of flood losses would be through a program of flood insurance that could complement and encourage preventive and protective measures. • Many factors made it uneconomical for private insurance industry carriers to make flood insurance available to those in need of such protection on reasonable terms and conditions. • A program of flood insurance with large-scale participation of the Federal Government and the maximum extent practicable by the private industry was feasible and could be initiated. Congress stated that the purpose in passing the Act was to: • Authorize a flood insurance program that, over time, could be made available across the country through the cooperative effort of the Federal Government and the private insurance industry. • Provide flexibility in the program so that such flood insurance would be based on workable methods of pooling risks, minimizing costs, and distributing burdens equitably among the general public and those who would be protected by flood insurance. • Encourage state and local governments to use wisely the lands under their jurisdiction by considering the hazards of flood when rendering decisions on the future use of such land in order to minimize damage. From 1968 until 1979, the NFIP was administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. When the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was established in 1979, administration of the NFIP was transferred to that agency. In March 2003, FEMA became part of the newly created U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The NFIP is a program in which communities formally agree, as evidenced by their adoption of codes and ordinances, to regulate the use of their floodprone lands. In return, FEMA makes flood insurance coverage available on buildings and their contents throughout the community. FEMA has traditionally identified these flood hazard areas on maps that are provided to communities for carrying out their responsibilities. The maps are also used by insurance agents/ producers to determine rates and by lenders to determine purchase requirements.

Flood Insurance Manual: National Flood Insurance Program

Politics & Social Sciences

Security, U.S. Department of Homeland

Management Agency, Federal Emergency

Social Sciences

CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform

Following the events of September 11, 2001, Citizen Corps was launched as a grassroots strategy to strengthen community safety and preparedness through increased civic participation. Since then, the importance of preparedness education, training, and involving the whole community has become increasingly recognized as critical to successful community preparedness and resilience. Citizen Corps is administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, within the Department of Homeland Security, but is implemented locally. Communities across the country have created Citizen Corps Councils as effective partnerships between government and community leaders to focus on the following objectives: engaging the whole community in collaborative community planning and capacity building; integration of community resources; outreach and localized preparedness education and training; emergency communications to all population segments; drills and exercises; and, volunteer programs. CERT is a critical program in the effort to engage everyone in America in making their communities safer, more prepared, and more resilient when incidents occur. Community-based preparedness planning allows us all to prepare for and respond to anticipated disruptions and potential hazards following a disaster. As individuals, we can prepare our homes and families to cope during that critical period. Through pre-event planning, neighborhoods and worksites can also work together to help reduce injuries, loss of lives, and property damage. Neighborhood preparedness will enhance the ability of individuals and neighborhoods to reduce their emergency needs and to manage their existing resources until professional assistance becomes available. Studies of behavior following disasters have shown that groups working together in the disaster period perform more effectively if there has been prior planning and training for disaster response. These studies also show that organized grassroots efforts may be more successful if they are woven into the social and political fabric of the community-neighborhood associations, schools, workplaces, places of worship, and other existing organizations. Effective response therefore requires comprehensive planning and coordination of all who will be involved-government, volunteer groups, private businesses, schools, and community organizations. With training and information, individuals and community groups can be prepared to serve as a crucial resource capable of performing many of the emergency functions needed in the immediate post-disaster period. The CERT Program is designed to train individuals to be assets to help communities prepare for effective disaster response. The purpose of the Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) Basic Training is to provide the individuals who complete this course with the basic skills that they will need to respond to their community’s immediate needs in the aftermath of a disaster, when emergency services are not immediately available. By working together, CERT members can assist in saving lives and protecting property using the basic techniques in this course. The target audience for this course is individuals who desire the skills and knowledge required to prepare for and respond to a disaster.

Community Emergency Response Team Basic Training Instructor Guide

The objective of the Risk Management Series Snow Load Safety Guide is to inform building stakeholders about the risks a snow event poses to their buildings, provide them with information about preventative measures to take before the snow season, and inform them of actions that should be taken before, during, and after a snow event. Most buildings are not at risk of snow induced failure. More often than not, attempting to remove snow from a roof is more hazardous than beneficial, posing a risk to both personnel and the roofing structure. However, snow accumulation in excess of building design conditions can result in more than a temporary loss of electrical power and inaccessible roads. Buildings may be vulnerable to structural failure and possible collapse if basic preventative steps are not taken in advance of a snow event. Knowledge of the building roof framing system and proper preparation in advance of a snow event is instrumental in reducing risk to the structure. Structural failure due to roof snow loads may be linked to several possible causes, including but not limited to the following: Actual snow load significantly exceeds design snow load; Drifting and sliding snow conditions; Deficient workmanship; Insufficient operation and maintenance; Improper design; Inadequate drainage design; Insufficient design; in older buildings, insufficient design is often related to inadequate snow load design criteria in the building code in effect when the building was designed. This document is not intended to provide a comprehensive discussion of the underlying issues or forensics of snow-induced structural failure. The purpose is instead to: Inform building stakeholders of susceptible snow loading conditions; Identify potentially vulnerable roof framing systems; Outline a general methodology to monitor buildings for signs of potential failure so that steps can be taken to reduce the potential risk of snow-load-induced structural failure. FEMA P-957.

Snow Load Safety Guide: Risk Management Series

The National Incident Management System (NIMS) Incident Command System (ICS) Forms Booklet, FEMA 502-2, is designed to assist emergency response personnel in the use of ICS and corresponding documentation during incident operations. This booklet is a companion document to the NIMS ICS Field Operations Guide (FOG), FEMA 502-1, which provides general guidance to emergency responders on implementing ICS. This booklet is meant to complement existing incident management programs and does not replace relevant emergency operations plans, laws, and ordinances. These forms are designed for use within the Incident Command System, and are not targeted for use in Area Command or in multiagency coordination systems. These forms are intended for use as tools for the creation of Incident Action Plans (IAPs), for other incident management activities, and for support and documentation of ICS activities. Personnel using the forms should have a basic understanding of NIMS, including ICS, through training and/or experience to ensure they can effectively use and understand these forms. These ICS Forms represent an all-hazards approach and update to previously used ICS Forms. While the layout and specific blocks may have been updated, the functionality of the forms remains the same. It is recommended that all users familiarize themselves with the updated forms and instructions. These forms are designed to include the essential data elements for the ICS process they address. The use of these standardized ICS Forms is encouraged to promote consistency in the management and documentation of incidents in the spirit of NIMS, and to facilitate effective use of mutual aid. In many cases, additional pages can be added to the existing ICS Forms when needed, and several forms are set up with this specific provision.

National Incident Management System (NIMS) Incident Command System (ICS) Forms Booklet

Many people think of a house of worship as a safe area where violence and emergencies cannot affect them. However, violence in houses of worship is not a new phenomenon. In addition to violent acts, fires, tornados, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, and arson also affect houses of worship. With many incidents occurring with little to no warning, many houses of worship are developing and updating plans and procedures to ensure the safety and security of their congregations, staff, and facilities. In collaboration with other houses of worship and community partners (i.e., governmental entities that have a responsibility in the plan, including first responders, public health officials, and mental health officials), houses of worship can take steps to plan for these potential emergencies through the creation of an emergency operations plan (EOP). Additionally, community organizations and private sector entities may have a role in the plan. Houses of worship are distinctive settings in that congregants share a common bond and have a predisposition to volunteer. The demographics of a congregation often mean that children and the elderly are present and may need assistance. This guide provides houses of worship with information regarding emergency operations planning for the spectrum of threats and hazards they may face. It discusses actions that may be taken before, during, and after an incident in order to reduce the impact on property and any loss of life and it encourages every house of worship to develop an EOP. The Departments issuing this guidance are providing examples of good practices and matters to consider for planning and implementation purposes. The guidance does not create any requirements beyond those included in applicable law and regulations, or create any additional rights for any person, entity, or organization. Moreover, the Departments fully understand that congregations may approach some of these issues differently than government and other community organizations. At the same time, the Departments would like to assist congregations that are interested in emergency operations planning, and this guidance is offered in that spirit. The information presented in this document generally constitutes informal guidance and provides examples that may be helpful. This guide is designed to be scalable for use by small to large-sized houses of worship in order to help navigate the planning process. Used in its entirety, this guide provides information on the fundamentals of planning and their application. At a minimum, houses of worship are encouraged to complete the planning process and develop a basic plan.

Guide for Developing High-Quality Emergency Operations Plans for Houses of Worship

Our nation’s postsecondary institutions are entrusted to provide a safe and healthy learning environment for students, faculty, and staff who live, work, and study on campus. Faced with emergencies ranging from active shooter situations to fires, tornadoes, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, and pandemic influenza, this is no easy task. Many of these emergencies occur with little to no warning; therefore, it is critical for institutions of higher education (IHEs) to plan ahead to help ensure the safety and general welfare of all members of the campus community. IHEs face unique challenges in planning for potential emergencies in terms of geography, environment, governance, and the population served. Colleges and universities, including community colleges and technical colleges, are large, small, urban, rural, residential, transient, two-year, four-year, public, and private, and often operate around-the-clock. IHE campuses often span large geographic areas, and many have additional locations in other cities, states, or countries. Many IHEs operate complex enterprises in addition to their academic programs, including hospitals, research and development facilities, performing arts venues, athletic complexes, agricultural centers, residential complexes, and transportation systems. They frequently have open campuses that are integrated into the surrounding community, with visitors regularly on campus touring facilities, attending events, and receiving medical care. Many campuses house sensitive materials and information and sponsor activities and events that increase their vulnerability. It is common for major universities to employ people and establish facilities dedicated to research in areas such as nuclear energy, engineering, biochemistry, medicine, public safety, defense, technology, and intelligence. In addition, many universities house critical research. Major universities also serve as contractors to government agencies such as the Department of Defense, Department of Justice, National Institutes of Health, National Security Agency, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, as well as to the nation’s largest corporations, and thus house important information. Additionally, IHE governance is highly varied and often widely dispersed. Many institutions have decentralized organizational structures and academic departments with differing processes and decision-making responsibilities. In addition, the variance in purpose, structure, authority, and operations among campus police and security agencies makes one-size-fits-all programs and policies impractical. IHEs serve primarily adult students who are capable of making decisions on their own. The campus population is perpetually in flux, changing from day to day, semester to semester, and year to year. Some students commute to and from campus, others attend class virtually, while still others live in housing facilities located on or near the college campus, resulting in a dispersed population. IHEs also often host individuals from other nations. While these characteristics pose challenges, in collaboration with their local government and community partners, IHEs can take steps to plan for these potential emergencies through the creation of a higher education Emergency Operations Plan (higher ed EOP). It is recommended that planning teams at IHEs responsible for developing and revising a higher ed EOP use this document to guide their efforts. It is recommended that IHEs compare existing plans and processes against the content and process outlined in this guide. To gain the most from it, users should read through the entire document prior to initiating their planning efforts and then refer back to it throughout the planning process.

Guide for Developing High-Quality Emergency Operations Plans for Institutions of Higher Education

Education, U.S. Department of

Each school day, our nation’s schools are entrusted to provide a safe and healthy learning environment for approximately 55 million elementary and secondary school students1in public and nonpublic schools. Families and communities expect schools to keep their children and youths safe from threats (human-caused emergencies such as crime and violence) and hazards (natural disasters, disease outbreaks, and accidents). In collaboration with their local government and community partners, schools can take steps to plan for these potential emergencies through the creation of a school Emergency Operations Plan (school EOP). Lessons learned from school emergencies highlight the importance of preparing school officials and first responders to implement emergency operations plans. By having plans in place to keep students and staff safe, schools play a key role in taking preventative and protective measures to stop an emergency from occurring or reduce the impact of an incident. Although schools are not traditional response organizations, when a school-based emergency occurs, school personnel respond immediately. They provide first aid, notify response partners, and provide instructions before first responders arrive. They also work with their community partners, i.e., governmental organizations that have a responsibility in the school emergency operations plan to provide a cohesive, coordinated response. Community partners include first responders (law enforcement officers, fire officials, and emergency medical services personnel) as well as public and mental health entities. We recommend that planning teams responsible for developing and revising school EOPs use this document to guide their efforts. It is recommended that districts and individual schools compare existing plans and processes against the content and processes outlined in this guide. To gain the most from it, users should read through the entire document prior to initiating their planning efforts and then refer back to it throughout the planning process.

Guide for Developing High-Quality School Emergency Operations Plans

The United States Fire Administration (USFA) is committed to using all means possible for reducing the incidence of injuries and deaths to firefighters. One of these means is to partner with other people and organizations who share this same admirable goal. One such organization is the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF). The IAFF has been deeply committed to improving the safety of its members and all firefighters as a whole. This is why the USFA was pleased to work with the IAFF through a cooperative agreement to develop this revised edition of Emergency Incident Rehabilitation.

Emergency Incident Rehabilitation (U.S. Fire Administration)

The purpose of this guide is to develop design provisions to evaluate the integrity of buried pipefor a range of applied loads. The provisions contained in this guide apply to the following kindsof buried pipe:* New or existing buried pipe, made of carbon or alloy steel, fabricated to ASTM or APImaterial specifications.* Welded pipe, joined by welding techniques permitted by the ASME code or the APIstandards.* Piping designed, fabricated, inspected and tested in accordance with an ASME B3 lpressure piping code. These codes are: B3 l . l power piping, B3 l .3 process piping, B3 l .4liquid hydrocarbon pipelines, 831.5 refrigeration piping, 831.8 gas transmission anddistribution piping, B3 l .9 building services piping, B3 l. l l slurry piping, and ASMEBoiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section ill, Division 1 nuclear power plant piping.* Buried pipe and its interface with buildings and equipment.

Design of Buried Steel Pipe

Science & Math

PUBLICATIONS, RED DOT

Nature & Ecology

Independently published

Emergency Operations Center How-to Quick Reference Guide [Latest: October 2022]: FEMA / National Incident Management System EOC Emergency Response and Recovery

Management System, National Incident

See the best price to sell, buy, or rent books by Management Agency, Federal Emergency. BookScouter helps to compare book prices from 25+ online bookstores and 30+ buyback vendors with a single search.

Books by Management Agency, Federal Emergency