Blowpipe analysis depends mainly on the indications afforded by substances when submitted to the oxidizing or reducing action of a flame modified by a current of air. The action of the flame depends upon its structure. If a luminous flame such as that of a candle, for example, be carefully examined, it will be seen to consist of three principle parts: 1. A dark core a, which contains the gaseous products of decomposition yielded by the tallow or wax drawn up by the wick. 2. A strongly luminous zone, bb, in which, in consequence of an insufficient supply of air, only partial burning of the contestable gases takes place. Oxygen from the air combines mainly with the easily combustible hydrogen, whilst the carbon is separated in a highly heated state, causing the luminosity of the flame. 3. An outer bluish mantle, cc, in which the oxygen of the air is always present in excess, so that the separated carbon is here completely burnt. The highest temperature exists in this part of hte flame, and an oxidizable substance placed within it is speedily oxidized. Besides these three zones a beautiful clear blue border is observable at the base of the flame. Although oxygen in excess is present here, still complete combustion does not take place, as the temperature is too low. Water and carbonic oxide are produced, the latter of which burns with a blue flame.

Blowpipe Analysis

Landauer

Lindsay Pubns

The key to successful knitting starts with just two simple stitches - knit and purl - and a ball of yarn.With its practical advice and superb free instructional DVD, this volume will show novice knitters everywhere just how easy, and fun, it is to learn knit.Knitbook is packed with over 100 pages of excellent information and advice covering all aspects of basic knitting techniques, and beyond.Also included are 17 new and unique projects to help readers master the techniques they have learned, and 24 removable stitch pattern cards for quick and easy reference whenever the knitting bug strikes.

Knit Book: The Basics & Beyond

Crafts, Hobbies & Home

Crafts & Hobbies

Landauer Books

Punch needle your way across the United States in this fun collection of projects featuring the 50 states!  50 punch needle projects, one for each state in America Patterns feature the state bird, flower, and tree, as well as the year that state was admitted to the Union Step-by-step instructions and illustrations, helpful tips and charts, and full-size patterns Bonus project ideas and patterns are easy to adapt to hand or machine work  Each of the 50 projects includes the state bird, flower, tree, and the year the state was admitted to the Union, as well as noting the state nickname and motto. With step-by-step instructions and illustrations, full-color photography of each completed project, full-size patterns that are reversed and ready to trace, floss charts, helpful tips and notes, and bonus project ideas, you can show your state pride or create meaningful gifts for friends and family across the country! The patterns inside Coast to Coast in Punch Needle are easy to adapt to hand or machine embroidery, and the easy-to-follow basic instructions will help you get started. Coast to Coast in Punch Needle is a creative, fun, and unique way to see America—all by way of needle and thread!

Coast to Coast in Punch Needle: The 50 States, State Flowers, Birds & Trees (Landauer) Projects for Hand or Machine Embroidery with Step-by-Step Instructions & Illustrations, Full-Size Patterns & Tips

Design Originals

Book by Landauer, Landaurer Books, Landaur Corp Editors

75 Fabulous Fabric Crafts: Easy Projects With Fat Quarters

Landaurer Books

Landaur Corp Editors

Get the results you love with this complete visual guide to quilting on your home sewing machine!
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Complete visual guide for quilting on a home sewing machine</li>
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Step-by-step instructions and stitch guides</li>
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Color photographs and detailed diagrams</li>
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Expert advice and proven methods for both beginning and advanced sewers</li>
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Range of techniques from straight line quilting to new free-motion quilt designs</li>
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Build skills &amp; confidence while learning valuable techniques</li>
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Expert designer, author, and blogger Wendy Sheppard wants quilters of all skill levels to be able to say 'I made this from start to finish.'
From straight line quilting to beautiful free-motion techniques, Wendy's expert advice and proven methods guide you through every step. Learn new skills and build your confidence with beautiful projects, step-by-step stitch guides, detailed diagrams, and stunning color photographs.

Stitching Pathways: Successful Quilting on your Home Machine (Landauer Publishing) Beginner-Friendly Step-by-Step Instructions, Expert Tips, & Techniques for Straight Line and Free-Motion Quilting