The authors examine the ethical considerations, benefits, and risks of military applications of artificial intelligence. Comparing development efforts in the United States, China, and Russia (as well as various positions on proposals to regulate or ban autonomous weapons), the authors point to a need for the United States to continue to pursue advantages in the field and explore confidence-building and risk-reduction measures with other states.

Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence: Ethical Concerns in an Uncertain World

Computers & Technology

Morgan, Forrest E.

Boudreaux, Benjamin

Curriden, Christian

Grossman, Derek

Klima, Kelly

Lohn, Andrew J.

Ashby, Mark

Computer Science

RAND Corporation

The Risk-Mitigation Value of the Transportation Worker Identification Credential: A Comprehensive Security Assessment of the TWIC Program

Business & Money

Costello, Katherine

Marrone, James V.

Metz, David

Chan, Edward W.

Ligor, Douglas C.

Haldeman, Zachary

Chang, Joseph C.

Hill, Devon

Williams, Heather J.

Soliman, Sarah

Van Abel, Kristin

Véronneau, Simon

Mitch, Ian

Bauer, Ryan Michael

Traub, Joshua Lawrence

Industries

Social media can enhance situational awareness in response operations, but using social media this way poses challenges. Researchers sought to contribute to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) mission to ensure resilience to disasters by helping DHS understand whether and how social media might be better leveraged for such situational awareness. The primary focus of this research was on U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) response operations.

U.S. Coast Guard Emergency Response and Disaster Operations: Using Social Media for Situational Awareness (Hsoac- Homeland Security Operatiomal Security)

History

Hoch, Emily

Yeung, Douglas

Davenport, Aaron C.

Nowak, Sarah

Amiri, Sohaela

McCullough, Colleen M.

Military

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) launched the Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIG) program to award predisaster mitigation grants. FEMA asked the Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (HSOAC) to develop metrics-quantitative measurements of important concepts-that can inform decisionmaking for the BRIG program. Building from discussions with program leadership, a review of stakeholder comments, and a close reading of BRIO'S legal requirements., the authors established three lines of effort (LoEs) for analysis. The indirect benefits line reviewed published measurement techniques and blended them into instructions for an input-output simulation model that better measures the full benefit to a community of mitigating an asset. The applicant institutional capability (AIC) line reviewed analogous research and interviewed subject-matter experts to develop a checklist for assessing the ability of applicants to propose or execute mitigation projects, focusing on staff retention, skills, and experience, as well as management capacity and technical capacity. The community resilience line developed an assessment framework based on BRIC's legal requirements, discussions with BRIC leadership, and standard best practices in measurement. Then, the LoE conducted a preliminary review of published resilience metrics, highlighting the potential value of action-based community resilience metrics for performance evaluation, population-based metrics for equity evaluation, and building code-based metrics as needed to improve statutory compliance. Each LoE produced a metric or framework for assessing metrics that could support BRIC grant decisionmaking and program performance evaluation. The report concludes with 11 recommendations for FEMA to consider. Book jacket.

Developing Metrics and Scoring Procedures to Support Mitigation Grant Program Decisionmaking

Politics & Social Sciences

Mendelsohn, Joshua

Cohen, Samantha

Dixon, Lloyd

Johnson, Grant

Steratore, Rachel

Kirkwood, Geoffrey

Hastings, Jaime L.

Steinberg, Paul S.

Social Sciences

This report is a compendium of expert insights regarding opportunities for investing in science and technology to increase U.S. ability to engage in long-term competition in undergoverned spaces. This exploration marks an initial step toward developing a functional perspective on determining whether new approaches to strategy and engagement are warranted, and what the implications of those steps might be.

Adaptive Engagement for Undergoverned Spaces: Concepts, Challenges, and Prospects for New Approaches (Research Report)

Blake, Jonathan S.

Davis, Paul K.

Axtell, Robert L.

Geist, Edward

Connable, Ben

Lempert, Robert J.

Popper, Steven W.

Watson, James R.

Winkelman, Zev

Eusebi, Kelly Elizabeth

Gaines, Michael J.

Léveillé, Jasmin

Bartels, Elizabeth M.

Grissom, Adam R.

Wong, Yuna Huh

Marler, Timothy

Frank, Aaron B.

Tarini, Gabrielle

Mait, Joseph N.

Grana, Justin

Turner, Sara

Bienenstock, Elisa Jayne

Parker, Andrew M.

Researchers present a Future Logistics Concept Assessment Framework, which is a disciplined, systematic way to assess proposed future logistics concepts to meet the requirements of the National Defense Strategy. The idea is to reveal the most-promising concepts and prune the least promising before significant resources are invested. The goal is not to predict the future, but to show how a concept would fare across various potential futures.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Future Concepts in the U.S. Air Force: Application to Future Logistics Concepts

Ish, Daniel

Drew, John G.

Lynch, Kristin F.

Snyder, Don

Hura, Myron

Blanc, Alexis A.

Brosmer, Jonathan L.

Haak, Kyle

Villalobos, Fabian

How Can DoD Compare Damage Costs Against Resilience Investment Costs for Climate-Driven Natural Hazards?: Overview of an Analytic Approach, Its Advantages, and Its Limitations (Research Report)

Science & Math

Mills, Patrick

Narayanan, Anu

Ali, Rahim

Sytsma, Tobias

Earth Sciences

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