The 2007 'Global Monitoring Report' on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) assesses the contributions of developing countries, developed countries, and international financial institutions toward meeting universally agreed development commitments. Fourth in a series of annual reports leading up to 2015, this year's report reviews key developments of the past year, emerging priorities, and provides a detailed region-by-region picture of performance in the developing regions of the world, drawing on indicators for poverty, education, gender equality, health, and other goals. Subtitled 'Confronting the Challenges of Gender Equality and Fragile States', this year's report highlights two key thematic areas―gender equality and empowerment of women (the third MDG) and the special problems of fragile states, where extreme poverty is increasingly concentrated. The report, which is jointly issued by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, argues that gender equality and the empowerment of women are central to the development agenda. This is because gender equality makes good economic sense and because it helps advance the other development goals―including education, nutrition, and reducing child mortality. Rapid progress has been made in some areas, such as achieving educational parity for girls in primary and secondary school in most countries. But in many other dimensions―including political representation and participation in nonagricultural employment―performance still falls short. Better monitoring and efforts at mainstreaming gender equality requires realistic goals, strong leadership, technical expertise, and financing.

Global Monitoring Report 2007: Confronting the Challenges of Gender Equality and Fragile States

Business & Money

World Bank

International Monetary Fund.

Economics

World Bank Publications

What is the human cost of the global economic crisis? This year’s 'Global Monitoring Report, The MDGs after the Crisis', examines the impact of the worst recession since the Great Depression on poverty and human development outcomes in developing countries. Although the recovery is under way, the impact of the crisis will be lasting and immeasurable. The impressive precrisis progress in poverty reduction will slow, particularly in low-income countries in Africa. No household in developing countries is immune. Gaps will persist to 2020. In 2015, 20 million more people in Sub-Saharan Africa will be in extreme poverty and 53 million more people globally. Even households above the $1.25-a-daypoverty line in higher-income developing countries are coping by buying cheaper food, delaying other purchases, reducing visits to doctors, working longer hours, or taking multiple jobs.The crisis will also have serious costs on human development indicators:• 1.2 million more children under age five and 265,000 more infants will die between 2009 and 2015.• 350,000 more students will not complete primary education in 2015.• 100 million fewer people will have access to safe drinking water in 2015 because of the crisis.History tells us that if we let the recovery slide and allow the crisis to lead to widespread domestic policy failures and institutional breakdowns in poor countries, the negative impact on human development outcomes, especially on children and women, will be disastrous. The international financial institutions and international community responded strongly and quickly to the crisis, butmore is needed to sustain the recovery and regain the momentum in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Developing countries will also need to implement significant policy reforms and strengthen institutions to improve the efficiency of service delivery in the face of fiscal constraints. Unlike previous crises, however, this one was not caused by domestic policy failure in developing countries. So better development outcomes will also hinge on a rapid global economic recovery that improves export conditions, terms-oftrade, and affordable capital flows―as well as meeting aid commitments to low-income countries.'Global Monitoring Report 2010', seventh in this annual series, is prepared jointly by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. It provides a development perspective on the global economic crisis and assesses the impact on developing countries―their growth, poverty reduction, and other MDGs. Finally, it sets out priorities for policy responses, both by developing countries and by the international community.

Global Monitoring Report 2010: The MDGs after the Crisis

What has been the impact of yet another food price spike on developing countries’ ability to make progress toward the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? How many poor people have been prevented from lifting themselves out of poverty? How many people, and how many children, have seen their personal growth and development permanently harmed because their families could not afford to buy food? Finally, what can countries do to respond to higher and more volatile food prices? Global Monitoring Report 2012: Food Prices, Nutrition, and the Millennium Development Goals examines these questions. It summarizes the effects of food prices on several MDGs, stressing that recent food price spikes have prevented millions of households from escaping extreme poverty. The report advocates using agricultural policy to orchestrate a supply response; deploying social safety nets to improve resilience; strengthening nutritional policy to manage the implications of early childhood development; and implementing trade policy to improve access to food markets, reduce volatility, and induce productivity gains. The report acknowledges that one size does not fit all and that the sequencing and prioritization of various policy initiatives depend critically on the initial situation a country or region finds itself in. It also discusses support by the international community. The world has met two global MDG targets well before the 2015 deadline. Estimates based on preliminary surveys indicate that the share of people living in extreme poverty in 2010 was half what it was in 1990. The world has also halved the share of people with no safe drinking water. The goal of gender parity in primary and secondary education is on track to be met in 2015, and the goal of ensuring that children everywhere―boys and girls alike―are able to complete primary school is nearly on track. But the MDGs closely linked to food and nutrition, particularly those that aim to reduce child and maternal mortality, are lagging. Global Monitoring Report 2012 was prepared jointly by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, with consultations and collaborations with regional development banks and other multilateral partners.

Global Monitoring Report 2012: Food Prices, Nutrition, and the Millennium Development Goals

The Global Monitoring Report 2013: Rural-Urban Dynamics and the Millennium Development Goals examines rural-urban disparities in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and how urbanization, if managed well, can contribute to the attainment of these goals. The report provides information about the differences in progress toward the MDGs across geographical areas and recognizes that urban populations are better off than their rural brethren. However, unfettered urbanization can cause migrants and the urban poor to end up in slums where attainment of the MDGs lags. GMR 2013 calls for an integrated strategy to better manage the planning-connecting-financing formula of urbanization. Notwithstanding the importance of urbanization in poverty reduction and MDG attainment, rural areas remain a huge challenge―one that underscores the importance of policies that can improve rural livelihoods. The rural-urban spectrum ranges from small towns to large cities. The general experience is that poverty is lowest in the largest cities and considerably higher in smaller towns. The MDGs reflect the basic needs of all citizens, and governments should aim to meet them fully in both urban and rural areas. However, resources are scarce, so priorities must be set and trade-offs made. The report argues that the sequencing of actions be tailored to local conditions when it comes to the degree of urbanization and rural-urban differences in MDG outcomes. The world has met four global MDG targets. New estimates confirm the 2012 reports that MDG 1.a―reducing the $1.25-a-day poverty rate (2005 purchasing power parity)―was reached in 2010, falling below half of its 1990 value. The world also met part of MDG 7.c―to halve the proportion of people without safe access to drinking water―in 2010. MDG 7.d―to improve significantly the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020―was also achieved. Finally, the first part of MDG 3.a―to eliminate gender disparity in primary education― was accomplished in 2010. Global progress on the full MDG 3.a (to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education) is close to being on track. Global Monitoring Report 2013 was prepared jointly by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, with consultations and collaborations with regional development banks and other multilateral partners.

Global Monitoring Report 2013: Rural-Urban Dynamics and the Millennium Development Goals

This book, edited by Tony Killick, consists of papers presented at a seminar sponsored jointly by the IMF and the Overseas Development Institute, held in London, England, to discuss the problems facing the developing world in a global environment of high inflation rates and large payments imbalances.

Adjustment and Financing in the Developing World: The Role of the International Monetary Fund

Overseas Development Institute (London, England)

Intl Monetary Fund

Book by International Monetary Fund

World Economic Outlook, April 1985 (International Monetary Fund)

Oxford University Press

This is the third in a group of three papers dealing with various aspects of Fund-supported adjustment programs.

Fund-Supported Programs, Fiscal Policy, and Income Distribution

International Monetary Fund

The 1986 World Economic Outlook is an accessible and authoritative guide to the world economy. An invaluable supplementary book for courses in international economics and trade, this year's edition discusses the current state of the global economy, short- and long-term prospects for change, and an array of issues that affect international trade and payments now and in the future. Beginning with a broad assessment of the outlook for the world economy to 1991, the book's five sections then examine prospects for growth in industrial and developing countries, policy interactions in industrial nations, and policy issues and prospects for tackling the debt situation facing developing countries. Extensive supplementary notes cover such important topics as oil, fiscal and monetary developments in the industrial countries, commodities, and economic development in Eastern Europe and the U.S.S.R.

World Economic Outlook April 1986

A study of the economic aspects of various counties in the world.

Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook, July 1986

The Role of the SDR in the International Monetary System

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