Railway estimates, design, quantities and costs

Fred Lavis

History

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Railroad location, surveys and estimates

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Excerpt from Building the New Rapid Transit System of New York CityIt is not generally realized how huge an engineering work it is which is now going forward in the city of New York on extensions of the underground rapid-transit railway lines. The best way to compare the relative magnitude of engineering works is to compare the total expenditure involved. The total cost of building and equipping New York's new rapid-transit lines will be in the neighborhood of $366,000,000. This is substantially equal to the entire cost of the Panama Canal. It is three times the cost of the New York barge canal. It is a greater amount than the total investment in road and equipment of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, or the Rock Island, or the Chicago & North Western, or the Great Northern, or the New York Central & Hudson River.The building of underground rapid-transit lines in great cities is comparatively a new development in engineering. New York was not the pioneer in this field. The first underground city railway lines were those in London, operated for many years with steam locomotives. Underground lines operated by electric traction were built in London and Budapest and Boston before the first New York rapid-transit subway was in operation. The development of the system in New York, however, has far exceeded that in any other city of the world. In fact, with the completion of the new extensions the investment in underground rapid-transit lines in New York will probably be as great as that in all the other great cities of the world combined.The building of subways, however, is well recognized to be the next step in rapid-transit development for the congested districts of other large cities. Philadelphia, Chicago, Cleveland, and a number of other American cities have subways under way or projected. The work carried on in New York during the past dozen years, and especially that now in progress, has developed a large amount of experience in street excavation with avoidance to traffic interruption, in the underpinning of buildings, and in the solution of a hundred different problems in connection with the work of construction which are of general interest to the engineering profession.The editors of Engineering News deemed it important that a thorough expert study of the New York subway work should be made for the benefit of its readers, and arranged with Mr. Fred Lavis, M. Am. Soc. C. E., to undertake this work and present the results in the columns of Engineering News. The articles written by Mr. Lavis were published in Engineering News, beginning Oct. 1, 1914, and concluding Dec. 31. In response to numerous requests it was deemed advisable to reprint these articles in book form.About the PublisherForgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.comThis book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Building the New Rapid Transit System of New York City (Classic Reprint)

Science & Math

Technology

Forgotten Books

Excerpt from Instructions to Locating Engineers and Field PartiesThese instructions were originally prepared by the Author for the use of Field parties working under his direction in the United States, afterwards modified for use in South America, and finally prepared in the present form for use in China. At the suggestion of some who have used them, this last printing was amplified so that copies might be available for the general use of engineers.They are, as will be seen, intended to secure uniform practice in making surveys and in the compilation of the results in the form of maps, estimates, etc., and are intended to be issued by Chief Engineers to their subordinates in the field.As conditions vary so much even within the confines of the United States and much more so of course in different foreign countries, modifications, in the form of special instructions will be required to meet local conditions, though the general conditions to be complied with remain the same. Provision is therefore made for the necessary flexibility in this respect.About the PublisherForgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.comThis book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Instructions to Locating Engineers and Field Parties (Classic Reprint)

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Books by Fred Lavis