In the 1930s, the French Third Republic banned naturalized citizens from careers in law and medicine for up to ten years after they had obtained French nationality. In 1940, the Vichy regime permanently expelled all lawyers and doctors born of foreign fathers and imposed a 2 percent quota on Jews in both professions. On the basis of extensive archival research, Julie Fette shows in Exclusions that doctors and lawyers themselves, despite their claims to embody republican virtues, persuaded the French state to enact this exclusionary legislation. At the crossroads of knowledge and power, lawyers and doctors had long been dominant forces in French society: they ran hospitals and courts, doubled as university professors, held posts in parliament and government, and administered justice and public health for the nation. Their social and political influence was crucial in spreading xenophobic attitudes and rendering them more socially acceptable in France.Fette traces the origins of this professional protectionism to the late nineteenth century, when the democratization of higher education sparked efforts by doctors and lawyers to close ranks against women and the lower classes in addition to foreigners. The legislatively imposed delays on the right to practice law and medicine remained in force until the 1970s, and only in 1997 did French lawyers and doctors formally recognize their complicity in the anti-Semitic policies of the Vichy regime. Fette's book is a powerful contribution to the argument that French public opinion favored exclusionary measures in the last years of the Third Republic and during the Holocaust.

Exclusions: Practicing Prejudice in French Law and Medicine, 1920–1945

History

Fette, Julie

Europe

Cornell University Press

Gender by the Book (Studies in Childhood, 1700 to the Present)

Teen & Young Adult

Routledge

Product Description 
Thoroughly revised and updated to reflect changes in French society over the last generation, and now illustrated with full-color photos, the Fourth Edition of 
Les Français retains hallmarks of the pioneering work in cultural anthropology that distinguished Laurence Wylie's First Edition—work that has long since helped make 
Les Français the most illuminating French-language introduction to French society and culture for the needs of North American students. The Fourth Edition also remains rooted in the comparative approach of previous editions, analyzing outlooks and practices that undergird the social fabric of France from the perspective of those approaching them from a North American background. Ranging from discussions of distinctively French perspectives on time, space, human nature, and the body, to norms of childhood socialization and family life, to the key elements and entities of social and cultural life, 
Les Français illustrates ways in which the French are "made not born," all while pointing up contradictions and paradoxes in French life and reflecting the greatly diversified demographic and social makeup of today's France. 
 Review 
"Colleagues who teach courses on contemporary France in French departments will be very pleased by the much-anticipated arrival of the fourth edition of 
Les Français, co-authored by Jean-François Brière and Julie Fette. While the updated version reflects the profound changes that have taken place in French society since the publication of the third edition in 2001, among them the effects of the digital revolution and the increasingly visible roles of women and minorities, the book remains faithful to the spirit of the book’s original author, Laurence Wylie. Unlike other textbooks on contemporary France, Les Français does not merely catalog recent events in French history. Instead, it focuses on the ways in which the history and traditions of French society and culture have shaped current attitudes toward a variety of issues, from the debates on laïcité to the laws on 
parité and 
le mariage pour tous. This historical and comparative perspective, which gives American students the tools to understand why the French think and behave differently from Americans, constitutes the greatest strength of the book, making it the foremost French-language textbook on contemporary France." 
 —Venita Datta, Professor of French Studies, Wellesley College\n"France and the United States—‘exceptional’ models of revolutionary and universalist thought, ever allies yet seemingly always rivals—continue to invite spirited comparison in the twenty-first century. The authors of 
 Les Français offer a new, full-color edition that will spark debate and greater self-reflection among American undergraduates." 
 —Jonathan Gosnell, Professor of French Studies, Smith College\n" 
Les Français gives my students deep insights into French culture, into what a different cultural system really is about, and helps them understand—unlike any other book I know—why French and American people approach life at times so differently, while still sharing fundamental underlying values. The level of French is perfect for advanced undergraduate coursework and provides a critical introduction to French society, institutions, and political life. In this fourth edition, new perspectives are seamlessly integrated into timeless material, and judicious care is given to the language." 
 —Janet Horne, Associate Professor of French, University of Virginia 
 About the Author 
Julie Fette is Associate Professor of French Studies, Rice University.\nJean-François Brière is Professor Emeritus of French Studies, University at Albany, State University of New York.\nLaurence Wylie was C. Douglas Dillon Professor of the Civilization of France, Harvard University

Les Français (French Edition)

Brière, Jean-François

Wylie, Laurence

Focus

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