Preventing Low Birthweight

Despite recent declines in infant mortality, the rates of low birthweight deliveries in the United States continue to be high. Part I of this volume defines the significance of the problems, presents current data on risk factors and etiology, and reviews recent state and national trends in the incidence of low birthweight among various groups. Part II describes the preventive approaches found most desirable and considers their costs. Research needs are discussed throughout the volume.

Medical Books

Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE

Committee to Study the Prevention of Low Birthweight

Medicine

National Academies Press

The United States is facing a vaccine shortage that may threaten public health. This book examines vaccine research and development, production and supply, and utilization and offers recommendations aimed at ensuring vaccine supply and promoting innovation. In addition, this comprehensive volume provides information on the adverse reactions associated with the range of vaccines used in the United States and contains the most thorough analysis ever published on the state of the law regarding vaccine-related injury and compensation for vaccine injury.

Vaccine Supply and Innovation

National, Research Council

Common diseases cost the developing world an enormous amount in terms of human life, health, and productivity, as well as lost economic potential. New and effective vaccines could not only improve the quality of life for millions of residents in developing countries, they could also contribute substantially to further economic development. Using data from the World Health Organization and other international agencies, this book analyzes disease burdens, pathogen descriptions, geographic distribution of diseases, probable vaccine target populations, alternative control measures and treatments, and future prospects for vaccine development. New Vaccine Development provides valuable insight into immunological and international health policy priorities.

New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries

Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice

Division of International Health

Administration & Medicine Economics

Americans are living longer than ever before. For many, though, these extra years have become a bitter gift, marred by dementia, disability, and loss of independence. Extending Life, Enhancing Life sets the course toward practical solutions to these problems by specifiying 15 research priorities in five key areas of investigation: <ul>
<li>Basic biomedicine--To understand the fundamental processes of aging.</li> <li>Clinical--To intervene against common disabilities and maladies of older persons.</li> <li>Behavioral and social--To build on past successes with behavioral and social interventions.</li> <li>Health services delivery--To seek answers to the troubling issues of insufficient delivery of health care in the face of increasing health care costs.</li> <li>Biomedical ethics--To clarify underlying ethical guidelines about life and death decisions. 
</li> </ul>
Most important, the volume firmly establishes the connection between research and its beneficial results for the quality of life for older persons. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary and Recommendations for Funding</li>
<li>1. Introduction</li>
<li>2. Basic Biomedical Research</li>
<li>3. Clinical Research</li>
<li>4. Behavioral and Social Sciences</li>
<li>5. Health Services Delivery Research</li>
<li>6. Research in Biomedical Ethics</li>
<li>7. Review of Resources Committed to Research on Aging</li>
<li>Appendix A: Acknowledgements</li>
<li>Appendix B: Background Documents</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Extending Life, Enhancing Life: A National Research Agenda on Aging

Politics & Social Sciences

Committee on a National Research Agenda on Aging

Social Sciences

At least 10.7 million American women use oral contraceptives (OCs). The potential connection with breast cancer has caused concern among these OC users and uncertainty among many of their physicians. This new volume offers the most up-to-date information available on this critical topic. While the best available knowledge does not support any fundamental change in clinical practice with respect to the use of OCs, this book offers specific recommendations for more research to fully resolve the relationship between OCs and breast cancer. Noting consumer confusion, the volume includes a concise summary of benefits, risks, and other practical information for contraceptive users and their doctors. The volume presents current data on changes in patterns of OC use, differences in risk at different ages, the benefits of OCs, and more. Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer will be important reading for obstetricians/gynecologists and other health professionals, their patients who use OCs, contraceptive manufacturers, women's health advocates, policymakers, and researchers. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1. Introduction and Overview</li>
<li>2. Epidemiology: Information Needs and Data Gaps</li>
<li>3. Biology: Information Needs and Data Gaps</li>
<li>4. Information for Users of the Pill and Health Care Providers</li>
<li>5. Policy Issues and Recommendations</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence with an Emphasis on Younger Women</li>
<li>Appendix B: Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer: Review of the Epidemiological Literature</li>
<li>Appendix C: The Evolving Formulations of Oral Contraceptives</li>
<li>Appendix D: Animal Models of Sex Steroid Hormones and Mammary Cancer: Lessons for Understanding Studies in Humans</li>
<li>Appendix E: Risks and Benefits of Oral Contraceptives: Will Breast Cancer Tip the Balance?</li>
<li>Appendix F: List of Background Documents</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer

Health, Fitness & Dieting

Committee on the Relationship Between Oral Contraceptives and BreastCancer

Diseases & Physical Ailments

The Second Fifty Years: Promoting Health and Preventing Disability

Taking its title from the second 50 years of the human life span of about 100 years, this book presents wide-ranging and practical recommendations for health care providers, policymakers, and other sectors of society. These recommendations range from setting new national policies to changing the way elderly patients are interviewed in the doctor's office and from what exercises older persons should do to how city planners should design our urban environment. The bulk of this volume presents the latest research on 13 major health threats to the elderly, covering prevalence, impact on the older person's life, cost, and intervention. In addition, the authors provide a detailed analysis of why older people often do not receive the benefit of prevention programs. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary</li>
<li>Introduction</li>
<li>Disability Classification</li>
<li>High Blood Pressure</li>
<li>Medications</li>
<li>Risk Factors for Infection in the Elderly</li>
<li>Osteoporosis</li>
<li>Preventing Disability Related to Sensory Loss in the Older Adult</li>
<li>Oral Health Problems in the 'Second Fifty'</li>
<li>Screening for Cancer</li>
<li>Nutrition</li>
<li>Cigarette Smoking</li>
<li>Depression</li>
<li>Physical Inactivity</li>
<li>Social Isolation Among Older Individuals: The Relationship to Mortality and Morbidity</li>
<li>Falls in Older Persons: Risk Factors and Prevention</li>
<li>Appendix A: Can Philosophy Cure What Ails the Medical Model?</li>
<li>Appendix B: Looking for Order: Health Promotion, Disablity Classification System of the World Health Organization</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Vaccines have made it possible to eradicate the scourge of smallpox, promise the same for polio, and have profoundly reduced the threat posed by other diseases such as whooping cough, measles, and meningitis. What is next? There are many pathogens, autoimmune diseases, and cancers that may be promising targets for vaccine research and development. This volume provides an analytic framework and quantitative model for evaluating disease conditions that can be applied by those setting priorities for vaccine development over the coming decades. The committee describes an approach for comparing potential new vaccines based on their impact on morbidity and mortality and on the costs of both health care and vaccine development. The book examines: <ul>
<li>Lessons to be learned from the polio experience.</li> <li>Scientific advances that set the stage for new vaccines.</li> <li>Factors that affect how vaccines are used in the population.</li> <li>Value judgments and ethical questions raised by comparison of health needs and benefits. 
</li> </ul>
 The committee provides a way to compare different forms of illness and set vaccine priorities without assigning a monetary value to lives. Their recommendations will be important to anyone involved in science policy and public health planning: policymakers, regulators, health care providers, vaccine manufacturers, and researchers. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>Introduction</li>
<li>Progress in Vaccine Development</li>
<li>Considerations of Candidate Vaccines</li>
<li>Overview of Analytic Approach and Results</li>
<li>Review of the Analytical Model</li>
<li>Ethical Considerations and Caveats</li>
<li>Observations</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix 1: Borrelia burgdorferi
</li>
<li>Appendix 2: Chlamydia</li>
<li>Appendix 3: Coccidioides Immitis
</li>
<li>Appendix 4: Cytomegalovirus</li>
<li>Appendix 5: Enterotoxigenic E. coli
</li>
<li>Appendix 6: Epstein-Barr Virus</li>
<li>Appendix 7: Helicobacter pylori
</li>
<li>Appendix 8: Hepatitis C</li>
<li>Appendix 9: Herpes Simplex Virus</li>
<li>Appendix 10: Histoplasma capsulatum
</li>
<li>Appendix 11: Human Paillomavirus</li>
<li>Appendix 12: Influenza A and B</li>
<li>Appendix 13: Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus</li>
<li>Appendix 14: Melanoma</li>
<li>Appendix 15: Multiple Sclerosis</li>
<li>Appendix 16: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
</li>
<li>Appendix 17: Neisseria gonnorrhea
</li>
<li>Appendix 18: Neisseria meningitidis
</li>
<li>Appendix 19: Parainfluenza Virus</li>
<li>Appendix 20: Respiratory Syncytial Virus</li>
<li>Appendix 21: Rheumatoid Arthritis</li>
<li>Appendix 22: Rotavirus</li>
<li>Appendix 23: Shigella
</li>
<li>Appendix 24: Streptococcus, Group A</li>
<li>Appendix 25: Streptococcus, Group B</li>
<li>Appendix 26: Streptococcus pneumoniae
</li>
<li>Appendix 27: Information on accessing Electronic Spreadsheets</li>
<li>Appendix 28: Summary of Workshops</li>
<li>Appendix 29: Questions Posed to Outside Experts and List of Responders</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking

Committee to Study Priorities for Vaccine Development

Basic Sciences

Since about 1980, asthma prevalence and asthma-related hospitalizations and deaths have increased substantially, especially among children. Of particular concern is the high mortality rate among African Americans with asthma. Recent studies have suggested that indoor exposures--to dust mites, cockroaches, mold, pet dander, tobacco smoke, and other biological and chemical pollutants--may influence the disease course of asthma. To ensure an appropriate response, public health and education officials have sought a science-based assessment of asthma and its relationship to indoor air exposures. Clearing the Air meets this need. This book examines how indoor pollutants contribute to asthma-- its causation, prevalence, triggering, and severity. The committee discusses asthma among the general population and in sensitive subpopulations including children, low-income individuals, and urban residents. Based on the most current findings, the book also evaluates the scientific basis for mitigating the effects of indoor air pollutants implicated in asthma. The committee identifies priorities for public health policy, public education outreach, preventive intervention, and further research. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Major Issues in Understanding Asthma</li>
<li>2 Methodological Considerations in Evaluating the Evidence</li>
<li>3 Patterns of Asthma Morbidity and Mortality</li>
<li>4 Pathophysiological Basis of Asthma</li>
<li>5 Indoor Biologic Exposures</li>
<li>6 Indoor Chemical Exposures</li>
<li>7 Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke</li>
<li>8 Indoor Dampness and Asthma</li>
<li>9 Asthma and Nonresidential Indoor Environments</li>
<li>10 Impact of Ventilation and Air Cleaning on Asthma</li>
<li>11 Summary of Research Recommendations and Overall Conclusions</li>
<li>Appendix A: Theoretical Considerations Relevant to the Influence of Ventilation and Air Cleaning on Exposures to Indoor-Generated Pollutants</li>
<li>Appendix B: Workshop Summaries</li>
<li>Appendix C: Committee and Staff Biographies</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Clearing the Air: Asthma and Indoor Air Exposures

Computers & Technology

Committee on the Assessment of Asthma and Indoor Air

Networking & Cloud Computing

Injuries are the leading cause of death and disability among people under age 35 in the United States. Despite great strides in injury prevention over the decades, injuries result in 150,000 deaths, 2.6 million hospitalizations, and 36 million visits to the emergency room each year. Reducing the Burden of Injury describes the cost and magnitude of the injury problem in America and looks critically at the current response by the public and private sectors, including: <ul>
<li>Data and surveillance needs. 
</li> <li>Research priorities. 
</li> <li>Trauma care systems development. 
</li> <li>Infrastructure support, including training for injury professionals. 
</li> <li>Firearm safety. 
</li> <li>Coordination among federal agencies. 
</li> </ul>
The authors define the field of injury and establish boundaries for the field regarding intentional injuries. This book highlights the crosscutting nature of the injury field, identifies opportunities to leverage resources and expertise of the numerous parties involved, and discusses issues regarding leadership at the federal level. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 The Injury Field</li>
<li>2 Magnitude and Cost</li>
<li>3 Surveillance and Data</li>
<li>4 Prevention Research</li>
<li>5 Case Studies on Prevention</li>
<li>6 Trauma Care</li>
<li>7 State and Community Response</li>
<li>8 Federal Response</li>
<li>9 Challenges and Opportunities</li>
<li>Appendix A: Acknowledgments</li>
<li>Appendix B: Timeline</li>
<li>Appendix C: Public Meeting Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix D: Acronyms</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Reducing the Burden of Injury: Advancing Prevention and Treatment

Science & Math

Committee on Injury Prevention and Control

Technology

Tuberculosis emerged as an epidemic in the 1600s, began to decline as sanitation improved in the 19th century, and retreated further when effective therapy was developed in the 1950s. TB was virtually forgotten until a recent resurgence in the U.S. and around the world-ominously, in forms resistant to commonly used medicines. What must the nation do to eliminate TB? The distinguished committee from the Institute of Medicine offers recommendations in the key areas of epidemiology and prevention, diagnosis and treatment, funding and organization of public initiatives, and the U.S. role worldwide. The panel also focuses on how to mobilize policy makers and the public to effective action. The book provides important background on the pathology of tuberculosis, its history and status in the U.S., and the public and private response. The committee explains how the U.S. can act with both self-interest and humanitarianism in addressing the worldwide incidence of TB. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Fundamentals of Tuberculosis and Tuberculosis Control</li>
<li>2 The Current Situation and How We Got Here</li>
<li>3 Tuberculosis Elimination and the Changing Role of Tuberculosis Control Programs</li>
<li>4 Advancing Toward Elimination</li>
<li>5 Developing the Tools for Tuberculosis Elimination</li>
<li>6 The U.S. Role in Global Tuberculosis Control</li>
<li>7 Mobilizing for Elimination</li>
<li>Appendix A Statement of Task</li>
<li>Appendix B Public Session Agendas</li>
<li>Appendix C Site Visit Summaries</li>
<li>Appendix D Role of Public Health Laboratories in the Control of Tuberculosis</li>
<li>Appendix E Estimating the Number of Tuberculosis Cases That Can Be Prevented by a Program of Screening and Preventive Therapy of Newly Arrived Immigrants to the United States from Countries with a High Rate of Tuberculosis a</li>
<li>Appendix F Approval Dates for Existing and Prospects for Development of New Antituberculosis Drugs and Vaccines</li>
<li>Appendix G Committee Biographies</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Ending Neglect: The Elimination of Tuberculosis in the United States

Committee on the Elimination of Tuberculosis in the United States

States, Committee on Tuberculosis Elimination in the United

Medicine, Institute of

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