The numbers that we call Arabic are so familiar throughout Europe and the Americas that it can be difficult to realize that their general acceptance in commercial transactions is a matter of only the last four centuries and they still remain unknown in parts of the world. In this volume, one of the earliest texts to trace the origin and development of our number system, two distinguished mathematicians collaborated to bring together many fragmentary narrations to produce a concise history of Hindu-Arabic numerals. Clearly and succinctly, they recount the labors of scholars who have studied the subject in different parts of the world; they then assess the historical testimony and draw conclusions from its evidence. Topics include early ideas of the origin of numerals; Hindu forms with and without a place value; the symbol zero; the introduction of numbers into Europe by Boethius; the development of numerals among Arabic cultures; and the definitive introduction of numerals into Europe and their subsequent spread. Helpful supplements to the text include a guide to the pronunciation of Oriental names and an index.

The Hindu-Arabic Numerals (Dover Books on Mathematics)

David Eugene Smith

Louis Charles Karpinski

History

Dover Publications

The fourth edition of this scholarly bibliography of early arithmetic books and manuscripts is profusely illustrated, including various Addenda and also including in its entirety Augustus De Morgan's Arithmetical Books. Extensively cross-referenced and with a new Index. The text is in English.

Rara Arithmetica

Reference

Catalogs & Directories

American Mathematical Society

A History Of Mathematics In America Before 1900

Americas

Legare Street Press

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Number Stories of Long Ago

Palala Press

An unabridged, digitally enlarged printing, to include all diagrams, illustrations, pronouncing vocabulary, index, and end of book number puzzles.

Number Stories Of Long Ago

Science & Math

Mathematics

Merchant Books

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Books by David Eugene Smith