Health and Behavior reviews our improved understanding of the complex interplay among biological, psychological, and social influences and explores findings suggested by recent research-including interventions at multiple levels that we can employ to improve human health. The book covers three main areas: <ul>
<li>What do biological, behavioral, and social sciences contribute to our understanding of health-including cardiovascular, immune system and brain functioning, behaviors that influence health, the role of social networks and socioeconomic status, and more.</li> <li>What can we learn from applied research on interventions to improve the health of individuals, families, communities, organizations, and larger populations?</li> <li>How can we expeditiously translate research findings into application?</li> </ul> Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Biobehavioral Factors in Health and Disease</li>
<li>3 Behavioral Risk Factors</li>
<li>4 Social Risk Factors</li>
<li>5 Individuals and Families: Models and Interventions</li>
<li>6 Organizations, Communities, and Society: Models and Interventions</li>
<li>7 Evaluating and Disseminating Intervention Research</li>
<li>8 Findings and Recommendations</li>
<li>Appendix A: Workshop on Health, Communications, and Behavior</li>
<li>Appendix B: Consultants</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences

Health, Fitness & Dieting

Medicine, Institute of

Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health

Committee on Health and Behavior: Research

Practice and Policy

Health, Committee on

Behavior

Psychology & Counseling

National Academies Press

Speaking of Health: Assessing Health Communication Strategies for Diverse Populations

We are what we eat. That old expression seems particularly poignant every time we have our blood drawn for a routine physical to check our cholesterol levels. And, it's not just what we eat that affects our health. Whole ranges of behaviors ultimately make a difference in how we feel and how we maintain our health. Lifestyle choices have enormous impact on our health and well being. But, how do we communicate the language of good health so that it is uniformly received-and accepted-by people from different cultures and backgrounds? Take, for example, the case of a 66 year old Latina. She has been told by her doctor that she should have a mammogram. But her sense of fatalism tells her that it is better not to know if anything is wrong. To know that something is wrong will cause her distress and this may well lead to even more health problems. Before she leaves her doctor's office she has decided not to have a mammogram-that is until her doctor points out that having a mammogram is a way to take care of herself so that she can continue to take care of her family. In this way, the decision to have a mammogram feels like a positive step. Public health communicators and health professionals face dilemmas like this every day. Speaking of Health looks at the challenges of delivering important messages to different audiences. Using case studies in the areas of diabetes, mammography, and mass communication campaigns, it examines the ways in which messages must be adapted to the unique informational needs of their audiences if they are to have any real impact. Speaking of Health looks at basic theories of communication and behavior change and focuses on where they apply and where they don't. By suggesting creative strategies and guidelines for speaking to diverse audiences now and in the future, the Institute of Medicine seeks to take health communication into the 21st century. In an age where we are inundated by multiple messages every day, this book will be a critical tool for all who are interested in communicating with diverse communities about health issues. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Theory</li>
<li>3 Health Communication Campaigns Exemplar</li>
<li>4 The Mammography Exemplar</li>
<li>5 The Diabetes Exemplar</li>
<li>6 New Communication Applications and Technologies and Diverse Populations</li>
<li>7 Toward a New Definition of Diversity</li>
<li>8 Findings and Recommendations</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Consultants</li>
<li>Appendix B: Biographical Sketches</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Committee on Communication for Behavior Change in the 21st Century: Improving the Health of Diverse Populations

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic and often disabling disease of the nervous system, affecting about 1 million people worldwide. Even though it has been known for over a hundred years, no cause or cure has yet been discovered-but now there is hope. New therapies have been shown to slow the disease progress in some patients, and the pace of discoveries about the cellular machinery of the brain and spinal cord has accelerated. This book presents a comprehensive overview of multiple sclerosis today, as researchers seek to understand its processes, develop therapies that will slow or halt the disease and perhaps repair damage, offer relief for specific symptoms, and improve the abilities of MS patients to function in their daily lives. The panel reviews existing knowledge and identifies key research questions, focusing on: <ul>
<li>Research strategies that have the greatest potential to understand the bio- logical mechanisms of recovery and to translate findings into specific strategies for therapy.</li> <li>How people adapt to MS and the research needed to improve the lives of people with MS.</li> <li>Management of disease symptoms (cognitive impairment, depression, spasticity, vision problems, and others).</li> </ul>
 The committee also discusses ways to build and financially support the MS research enterprise, including a look at challenges inherent in designing clinical trials. This book will be important to MS researchers, research funders, health care advocates for MS research and treatment, and interested patients and their families. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Clinical and Biological Features</li>
<li>3 Characteristics and Management of Major Symptoms</li>
<li>4 Disease Management and Measurement</li>
<li>5 Strategies for Future Research on Disease Mechanisms</li>
<li>6 Future Strategies for Therapies</li>
<li>7 Building and Supporting the Research Enterprise</li>
<li>8 Recommendations</li>
<li>Appendix A: Committee and Staff Biographies</li>
<li>Appendix B: List of Expert Consultants</li>
<li>Appendix C: Workshop Agendas</li>
<li>Appendix D: Kurtze's Expanded Disability Status Scale</li>
<li>Appendix E: Drugs Used in the Treatment of MS</li>
<li>Appendix F: U.S. Social Security Administration's Criteria for Qualifying as Disabled from MS</li>
<li>Appendix G: Treatments That Have Been Claimed to Be of Benefit in MS</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Multiple Sclerosis: Current Status and Strategies for the Future

Committee on Multiple Sclerosis: Current Status and Strategies for the Future

Diseases & Physical Ailments

Recent scientific breakthroughs, celebrity patient advocates, and conflicting religious beliefs have come together to bring the state of stem cell researchâ€"specifically embryonic stem cell researchâ€"into the political crosshairs. President Bushâ€™s watershed policy statement allows federal funding for embryonic stem cell research but only on a limited number of stem cell lines. Millions of Americans could be affected by the continuing political debate among policymakers and the public. Stem Cells and the Future of Regenerative Medicine provides a deeper exploration of the biological, ethical, and funding questions prompted by the therapeutic potential of undifferentiated human cells. In terms accessible to lay readers, the book summarizes what we know about adult and embryonic stem cells and discusses how to go about the transition from mouse studies to research that has therapeutic implications for people. Perhaps most important, Stem Cells and the Future of Regenerative Medicine also provides an overview of the moral and ethical problems that arise from the use of embryonic stem cells. This timely book compares the impact of public and private research funding and discusses approaches to appropriate research oversight. Based on the insights of leading scientists, ethicists, and other authorities, the book offers authoritative recommendations regarding the use of existing stem cell lines versus new lines in research, the important role of the federal government in this field of research, and other fundamental issues. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1. Project Overview and Definitions</li>
<li>2. Adult Stem Cells</li>
<li>3. Embryonic Stem Cells</li>
<li>4. Opportunities for and Barriers to Progress in Stem Cell Research for Regenerative Medicine</li>
<li>5. Findings and Recommendations</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Glossary</li>
<li>Appendix A: Committee Biographies</li>
<li>Appendix B: Workshop Agenda and Speaker Biographies</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Stem Cells and the Future of Regenerative Medicine

Politics & Social Sciences

Division on Earth and Life Studies

Board on Life Sciences

National, Research Council

Committee on the Biological and Biomedical Applications of Stem Cell Research

Philosophy

Every year, about 30,000 people die by suicide in the U.S., and some 650,000 receive emergency treatment after a suicide attempt. Often, those most at risk are the least able to access professional help. Reducing Suicide provides a blueprint for addressing this tragic and costly problem: how we can build an appropriate infrastructure, conduct needed research, and improve our ability to recognize suicide risk and effectively intervene. Rich in data, the book also strikes an intensely personal chord, featuring compelling quotes about peopleâ€™s experience with suicide. The book explores the factors that raise a personâ€™s risk of suicide: psychological and biological factors including substance abuse, the link between childhood trauma and later suicide, and the impact of family life, economic status, religion, and other social and cultural conditions. The authors review the effectiveness of existing interventions, including mental health practitionersâ€™ ability to assess suicide risk among patients. They present lessons learned from the Air Force suicide prevention program and other prevention initiatives. And they identify barriers to effective research and treatment. This new volume will be of special interest to policy makers, administrators, researchers, practitioners, and journalists working in the field of mental health. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Magnitude of the Problem</li>
<li>3 Psychiatric and Psychological Factors</li>
<li>4 Biological Factors</li>
<li>5 Childhood Trauma</li>
<li>6 Society and Culture</li>
<li>7 Medical and Psychotherapeutic Interventions</li>
<li>8 Programs for Suicide Prevention</li>
<li>9 Barriers to Effective Treatment and Intervention</li>
<li>10 Barriers to Research and Promising Approaches</li>
<li>11 Findings and Recommendations</li>
<li>Appendix A: Statistical Details</li>
<li>Appendix B: Consultants</li>
<li>Appendix C: Workshop Agendas</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative

Self-Help

Committee on Pathophysiology and Prevention of Adolescent and Adult Suicide

Death & Grief

To explore whether soccer playing puts youths at risk for lasting brain damage, the Institute of Medicine brought together experts in head injury, sports medicine, pediatrics, and bioengineering. In a workshop entitled "Youth Soccer: Neuropsychological Consequences of Head Impact in Sports," that was held in Washington D.C. on October 12, 2001, these experts presented the scientific evidence for long-term consequences of head injury from youth sports, especially soccer, possible approaches to reduce the risks, and policy issues raised by the subject. Some of the findings presented by the speakers raised concerns, such as the high concussion rate of high school soccer players, the frequent persistence of impaired brain functions even after other symptoms of a concussion disappear, and the need for a better understanding of when it is safe for players to resume playing after they have had a concussion. But other findings were reassuring, such as studies that suggest that with the type of soccer balls used in the United States, heading is not likely to cause brain injury in youths, nor is playing soccer likely to cause permanent brain damage. This is a summary of the reports from these experts in the field, and the lively discussions that followed them. Topics covered include: causes of head injuries in soccer; how to detect a concussion; the biology of concussion; studies of soccer and football players; the role of protective headgear; and policy implications, such as how to decide when a concussed player should be allowed to return to the playing field.

Is Soccer Bad for Children's Heads?: Summary of the IOM Workshop on Neuropsychological Consequences of Head Impact in Youth Soccer

Sports & Outdoors

Patlak, Margie

Joy, Janet E.

Soccer

The Oklahoma City bombing, intentional crashing of airliners on September 11, 2001, and anthrax attacks in the fall of 2001 have made Americans acutely aware of the impacts of terrorism. These events and continued threats of terrorism have raised questions about the impact on the psychological health of the nation and how well the public health infrastructure is able to meet the psychological needs that will likely result. Preparing for the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism highlights some of the critical issues in responding to the psychological needs that result from terrorism and provides possible options for intervention. The committee offers an example for a public health strategy that may serve as a base from which plans to prevent and respond to the psychological consequences of a variety of terrorism events can be formulated. The report includes recommendations for the training and education of service providers, ensuring appropriate guidelines for the protection of service providers, and developing public health surveillance for preevent, event, and postevent factors related to psychological consequences. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1. Introduction: Rationale for a Public Health Response to the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism</li>
<li>2. Understanding the Psychological Consequences of Traumatic Events, Disasters, and Terrorism</li>
<li>3. Current Infrastructure in the United States for Responding to the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism</li>
<li>4. Developing Strategies for Minimizing the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism Through Prevention, Intervention, and Health Promotion</li>
<li>5. Conclusions and Recommendations for Effective Prevention and Response</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Data Sources and Methods</li>
<li>Appendix B: Committee and Staff Biographies</li>
</ul>

Preparing for the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism: A Public Health Strategy

Committee on Responding to the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism

Sociology

The Oklahoma City bombing, intentional crashing of airliners on September 11, 2001, and anthrax attacks in the fall of 2001 have made Americans acutely aware of the impacts of terrorism. These events and continued threats of terrorism have raised questions about the impact on the psychological health of the nation and how well the public health infrastructure is able to meet the psychological needs that will likely result. Preparing for the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism highlights some of the critical issues in responding to the psychological needs that result from terrorism and provides possible options for intervention. The committee offers an example for a public health strategy that may serve as a base from which plans to prevent and respond to the psychological consequences of a variety of terrorism events can be formulated. The report includes recommendations for the training and education of service providers, ensuring appropriate guidelines for the protection of service providers, and developing public health surveillance for preevent, event, and postevent factors related to psychological consequences.

Preparing for the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism:: A Public Health Strategy

Politics & Government

The number of psychiatric researchers does not seem to be keeping pace with the needs and opportunities that exist in brain and behavioral medicine. An Institute of Medicine committee conducted a broad review of the state of patient-oriented research training in the context of the psychiatry residency and considered the obstacles to such training and strategies for overcoming those obstacles. Careful consideration was given to the demands of clinical training. The committee concluded that barriers to research training span three categories: regulatory, institutional, and personal factors. Recommendations to address these issues are presented in the committeeâ€™s report, including calling for research literacy requirements and research training curricula tailored to psychiatry residency programs of various sizes. The roles of senior investigators and departmental leadership are emphasized in the report, as is the importance of longitudinal training (e.g., from medical school through residency and fellowship). As there appears to be great interest among numerous stakeholders and a need for better tracking data, an overarching recommendation calls for the establishment of a national body to coordinate and evaluate the progress of research training in psychiatry. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Residency as Part of a Longitudinal Career Continuum</li>
<li>3 Regulatory Factors</li>
<li>4 Institutional Factors</li>
<li>5 Personal Factors</li>
<li>6 Future Directions for Promoting the Development of Psychiatrist-Researchers</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Data Sources and Methods</li>
<li>Appendix B: Federal and Other Funding Mechanisms Listed and Summarized by Career Stage</li>
<li>Appendix C: Brief Descriptions of Psychiatry Residency Training Programs, Sorted by NIH 2002 Funding Rank for Each Corresponding Department</li>
<li>Appendix D: Committee and Staff Biographies</li>
</ul>

Research Training in Psychiatry Residency: Strategies for Reform

Committee on Incorporating Research into Psychiatry Residency Training

Mental Health

To maintain their own health and the health of their families and communities, consumers rely heavily on the health information that is available to them. This information is at the core of the partnerships that patients and their families forge with todayâ€™s complex modern health systems. This information may be provided in a variety of forms â€" ranging from a discussion between a patient and a health care provider to a health promotion advertisement, a consent form, or one of many other forms of health communication common in our society. Yet millions of Americans cannot understand or act upon this information. To address this problem, the field of health literacy brings together research and practice from diverse fields including education, health services, and social and cultural sciences, and the many organizations whose actions can improve or impede health literacy. Health Literacy: Prescription to End Confusion examines the body of knowledge that applies to the field of health literacy, and recommends actions to promote a health literate society. By examining the extent of limited health literacy and the ways to improve it, we can improve the health of individuals and populations. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 What Is Health Literacy?</li>
<li>3 Extent and Associations of Limited Health Literacy</li>
<li>4 Culture and Society</li>
<li>5 Educational Systems</li>
<li>6 Health Systems</li>
<li>7 Vision for a Health Literate America</li>
<li>Appendix A: Data Sources and Methods</li>
<li>Appendix B: Commissioned Papers</li>
<li>Appendix C: Sample Material from Selected Assessments of Literacy and Health Literacy</li>
<li>Appendix D: Committee and Staff Biographies</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion

Medical Books

Committee on Health Literacy

Administration & Medicine Economics

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