In October 1999, the Forum on Emerging Infections of the Institute of Medicine convened a two-day workshop titled â€œInternational Aspects of Emerging Infections.â€ Key representatives from the international community explored the forces that drive emerging infectious diseases to prominence. Representatives from the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Europe made formal presentations and engaged in panel discussions. Emerging Infectious Diseases from the Global to the Local Perspective includes summaries of the formal presentations and suggests an agenda for future action. The topics addressed cover a wide range of issues, including trends in the incidence of infectious diseases around the world, descriptions of the wide variety of factors that contribute to the emergence and reemergence of these diseases, efforts to coordinate surveillance activities and responses within and across borders, and the resource, research, and international needs that remain to be addressed. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary and AssessmentIntroductionEmerging Infections in Latin AmericaEmerging Infections in AfricaEmerging Infections in Asia and the PacificEmerging Infections in EuropeReferencesAppendix A: Glossary and AcronymsAppendix B: Workshop AgendaAppendix C: Workshop ParticipantsAppendix D: Forum Member and Staff Biographies

Emerging Infectious Diseases from the Global to the Local Perspective: A Summary of a Workshop of the Forum on Emerging Infections

Reference

Board on Global Health

Forum on Emerging Infections

Encyclopedias & Subject Guides

National Academies Press

Brain disordersâ€"neurological, psychiatric, and developmentalâ€"now affect at least 250 million people in the developing world, and this number is expected to rise as life expectancy increases. Yet public and private health systems in developing countries have paid relatively little attention to brain disorders. The negative attitudes, prejudice, and stigma that often surround many of these disorders have contributed to this neglect. Lacking proper diagnosis and treatment, millions of individual lives are lost to disability and death. Such conditions exact both personal and economic costs on families, communities, and nations. The report describes the causes and risk factors associated with brain disorders. It focuses on six representative brain disorders that are prevalent in developing countries: developmental disabilities, epilepsy, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and stroke. The report makes detailed recommendations of ways to reduce the toll exacted by these six disorders. In broader strokes, the report also proposes six major strategies toward reducing the overall burden of brain disorders in the developing world. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 The Magnitude of the Problem</li>
<li>3 Integrating Care of Brain Disorders into Health Care Systems</li>
<li>4 Findings and Future Strategies</li>
<li>5 Developmental Disabilities</li>
<li>6 Epilepsy</li>
<li>7 Schizophrenia</li>
<li>8 Bipolar Disorder</li>
<li>9 Depression</li>
<li>10 Stroke</li>
<li>Epilogue</li>
<li>Appendix A The Study Approach</li>
<li>Appendix B Measurement Issues in Calculating the Global Burden of Disease</li>
<li>Appendix C Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix D Economic Analysis</li>
<li>Appendix E Committee and Staff Biographies</li>
<li>Glossary</li>
<li>Acronyms</li>
</ul>

Neurological, Psychiatric, and Developmental Disorders

Medicine, Institute of

Committee on Nervous System Disorders in Developing Countries

Science & Math

In the wake of September 11th and recent anthrax events, our nationâ€™s bioterrorism response capability has become an imminent priority for policymakers, researchers, public health officials, academia, and the private sector. In a three-day workshop, convened by the Institute of Medicineâ€™s Forum on Emerging Infections, experts from each of these communities came together to identify, clarify, and prioritize the next steps that need to be taken in order to prepare and strengthen bioterrorism response capabilities. From the discussions, it became clear that of utmost urgency is the need to cast the issue of a response in an appropriate framework in order to attract the attention of Congress and the public in order to garner sufficient and sustainable support for such initiatives. No matter how the issue is cast, numerous workshop participants agreed that there are many gaps in the public health infrastructure and countermeasure capabilities that must be prioritized and addressed in order to assure a rapid and effective response to another bioterrorist attack. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary and Assessment</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Assessing Our Understanding of the Threats</li>
<li>3 Vaccines: Research, Development, Production, and Procurement Issues</li>
<li>4 The Research Agenda: Implications for Therapeutic Countermeasures to Biological Threats</li>
<li>5 Assessing the Capacity of the Public Health Infrastructure</li>
<li>6 Scientific and Policy Tools for Countering Bioterrorism</li>
<li>Appendix A: Agenda: Biological Threats and Terrorism: How Preparted Are We?</li>
<li>Appendix B: Information Resources</li>
<li>Appendix C: Testimony of Joshua Lederberg, Ph.D.</li>
<li>Appendix D: Summary of the Frist-Kennedy</li>
<li>Appendix E: Department of Health and Human Services: Food and Drug Administration</li>
<li>Appendix F: Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense Contingency</li>
<li>Appendix G: The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act</li>
<li>Appendix H: NACCHO Research Brief: Assessment of Local Bioterrorism and Emergency Preparedness</li>
<li>Appendix I: Statement on Vaccine Development</li>
<li>Appendix J: Testimony of Kenneth Shine, M.D.</li>
<li>Appendix K: Glossary and Acronyms</li>
<li>Appendix L: Forum Member, Speaker, and Staff Biographies</li>
</ul>

Biological Threats and Terrorism: Assessing the Science and Response Capabilities, Workshop Summary

History

Military

Zoonotic diseases represent one of the leading causes of illness and death from infectious disease. Defined by the World Health Organization, zoonoses are â€œthose diseases and infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man with or without an arthropod intermediate.â€ Worldwide, zoonotic diseases have a negative impact on commerce, travel, and economies. In most developing countries, zoonotic diseases are among those diseases that contribute significantly to an already overly burdened public health system. In industrialized nations, zoonotic diseases are of particular concern for at-risk groups such as the elderly, children, childbearing women, and immunocompromised individuals. The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases: Understanding the Impact on Animal and Human Health, covers a range of topics, which include: an evaluation of the relative importance of zoonotic diseases against the overall backdrop of emerging infections; research findings related to the current state of our understanding of zoonotic diseases; surveillance and response strategies to detect, prevent, and mitigate the impact of zoonotic diseases on human health; and information about ongoing programs and actions being taken to identify the most important needs in this vital area. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 The Importance of Zoonotic Diseases</li>
<li>3 Factors of Emergence</li>
<li>4 Diagnosis and Control of Zoonotic Infections</li>
<li>5 Surveillance and Management of Zoonotic Disease Outbreaks</li>
<li>6 Summary and Assessment</li>
<li>Appendix A: Glossary and Acronyms</li>
<li>Appendix B: Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix C: Forum Member and Speaker Biographies</li>
</ul>

The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases: Understanding the Impact on Animal and Human Health: Workshop Summary

Engineering & Transportation

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE

Engineering

Since smallpox eradication, the science of eradication has changed and with it, our definitions of what diseases are possible to eradicate. However, eradication must not beget complacency. As has been learned from past control or eradication attempts with a variety of viral diseases, from yellow fever to influenza, accidental or intentional reintroduction is a real threat -- one that could strike anywhere and for which we need to be fully prepared. The criteria for assessing eradicability of polio, measles, and other viral infections have been debated extensively. With the elimination and eradication of several viral diseases on the horizon, issues surrounding the cessation of immunization activities become exceedingly important. In an effort to better understand the dynamics of disease eradication and post--immunization policies, the Institute of Medicine Forum on Emerging Infections hosted a two-day workshop (February 1--2, 2001) on The Consequences of Viral Disease Eradication. This book explores the principles underlying the biological challenges, medical interventions, the continuing research agenda, and operational considerations for post--immunization strategies for vaccine--preventable viral diseases, and highlights important efforts that may facilitate wise decision making. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary and Assessment</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Major Efforts for Disease Eradication</li>
<li>3 Biological Challenges to Post-Eradication</li>
<li>4 Operational and Instutional Challenges to Post-Eradication</li>
<li>5 Medical Intervention and Technological Solutions</li>
<li>6 The Challenges to Post-Eradication Outbreaks</li>
<li>Appendix A: Glossary and Acronyms</li>
<li>Appendix B: Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix C: Forum Member and Speaker Biographies</li>
</ul>

Considerations for Viral Disease Eradication: Lessons Learned and Future Strategies: Workshop Summary

Medical Books

Basic Sciences

Each year more than 4 million children are born with birth defects. This book highlights the unprecedented opportunity to improve the lives of children and families in developing countries by preventing some birth defects and reducing the consequences of others. A number of developing countries with more comprehensive health care systems are making significant progress in the prevention and care of birth defects. In many other developing countries, however, policymakers have limited knowledge of the negative impact of birth defects and are largely unaware of the affordable and effective interventions available to reduce the impact of certain conditions. Reducing Birth Defects: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World includes descriptions of successful programs and presents a plan of action to address critical gaps in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of birth defects in developing countries. This study also recommends capacity building, priority research, and institutional and global efforts to reduce the incidence and impact of birth defects in developing countries. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 Introduction2 Impact and Patterns of Occurrence3 Interventions to Reduce the Impact of Birth Defects4 Incorporating Care for Birth Defects into Health Care SystemsAppendix A: Prevalence of Birth DefectsAppendix B: Committee BiographiesGlossaryAcronymsIndex

Reducing Birth Defects: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World

Health, Fitness & Dieting

Committee on Improving Birth Outcomes

Women's Health

Birth outcomes have improved dramatically worldwide in the past 40 years. Yet there is still a large gap between the outcomes in developing and developed countries. This book addresses the steps needed to reduce that gap. It reviews the available statistics of low birth weight, prematurity, and birth defects; reviews current knowledge and practices of a healthy pregnancy, identifies cost-effective opportunities for improving birth outcomes and supporting families with an infant handicapped by birth problems, and recommens priority research, capacity building, and institutional and global efforts to reduce adverse birth outcomes in developing countries. The committee has based its study on data and information from several developing countries, and provides recommendations that can assist the March of Dimes, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and NIH in tailoring their international program and forging new partnerships to reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with adverse birth outcomes. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1. Introduction</li>
<li>2. Reducing Maternal Mortality and Morbidity</li>
<li>3. Reducing Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity</li>
<li>4. Reducing Fetal Mortality</li>
<li>5. Improving Birth Outcomes Within Health Care Systems</li>
<li>6. The Problem of Low Birth Weight</li>
<li>7. Reducing Mortality and Morbidity from Birth Defects</li>
<li>8. Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV</li>
<li>9. Summing Up: The Way Forward</li>
<li>Appendix A: Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix B: Defining Developing Countries</li>
<li>Appendix C: The Essential Competencies of a Skilled Birth Attendant</li>
<li>Appendix D: Committee Biographies</li>
<li>Appendix E: Dissenting Note</li>
<li>Glossary</li>
<li>Acronyms</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Improving Birth Outcomes: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World

Infectious diseases are a global hazard that puts every nation and every person at risk. The recent SARS outbreak is a prime example. Knowing neither geographic nor political borders, often arriving silently and lethally, microbial pathogens constitute a grave threat to the health of humans. Indeed, a majority of countries recently identified the spread of infectious disease as the greatest global problem they confront. Throughout history, humans have struggled to control both the causes and consequences of infectious diseases and we will continue to do so into the foreseeable future. Following up on a high-profile 1992 report from the Institute of Medicine, Microbial Threats to Health examines the current state of knowledge and policy pertaining to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases from around the globe. It examines the spectrum of microbial threats, factors in disease emergence, and the ultimate capacity of the United States to meet the challenges posed by microbial threats to human health. From the impact of war or technology on disease emergence to the development of enhanced disease surveillance and vaccine strategies, Microbial Threats to Health contains valuable information for researchers, students, health care providers, policymakers, public health officials. and the interested public. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1. Introduction</li>
<li>2. Spectrum of Microbial Threats</li>
<li>3. Factors of Emergence</li>
<li>4. Addressing the Threats: Conclusions and Recommendations</li>
<li>Epilogue</li>
<li>Glossary</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Microbial Threats to Health Public Committee Meeting Agendas</li>
<li>Appendix B: Syndromic Surveillance</li>
<li>Appendix C: Pathogen Discovery, Detection, and Diagnostics</li>
<li>Appendix D: Forum on Emerging Infections Membership and Publications, Board on Global Health</li>
<li>Appendix E: Computational Modeling and Simulation of Epidemic Infectious Diseases</li>
<li>Appendix F: Committee and Staff Biographies</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response

Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health in the 21st Century

Administration & Medicine Economics

In recent years, a number of chronic diseases have been linked, in some cases definitively, to an infectious etiology: peptic ulcer disease with Helicobacter pylori, cervical cancer with several human papillomaviruses, Lyme arthritis and neuroborreliosis with Borrelia burgdorferi, AIDS with the human immunodeficiency virus, liver cancer and cirrhosis with hepatitis B and C viruses, to name a few. The proven and suspected roles of microbes does not stop with physical ailments; infections are increasingly being examined as associated causes of or possible contributors to a variety of serious, chronic neuropsychiatric disorders and to developmental problems, especially in children. The Infectious Etiology of Chronic Diseases: Defining the Relationship, Enhancing the Research, and Mitigating the Effects, summarizes a two-day workshop held by the Institute of Medicineâ€™s Forum on Microbial Threats to address this rapidly evolving field. Participants explored factors driving infectious etiologies of chronic diseases of prominence, identified difficulties in linking infectious agents with chronic outcomes, and discussed broad-based strategies and research programs to advance the field. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary and Assessment</li>
<li>1 Defining the Relationship: An Examination of Infectious Agents Associated with Chronic Disease</li>
<li>2 Endemic Infectious Diseases Linked to Chronic Diseases: Implications for Developing Countries</li>
<li>3 Obstacles and Opportunities for Framing Future Research</li>
<li>4 Opportunities to Prevent and Mitigate the Impact of Chronic Diseases Caused by Infectious Agents</li>
<li>Appendix A: Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix B: Information Resources</li>
<li>Appendix C: Biosketches</li>
</ul>

The Infectious Etiology of Chronic Diseases: Defining the Relationship, Enhancing the Research, and Mitigating the Effects: Workshop Summary

Forum on Microbial Threats

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in late 2002 and 2003 challenged the global public health community to confront a novel epidemic that spread rapidly from its origins in southern China until it had reached more than 25 other countries within a matter of months. In addition to the number of patients infected with the SARS virus, the disease had profound economic and political repercussions in many of the affected regions. Recent reports of isolated new SARS cases and a fear that the disease could reemerge and spread have put public health officials on high alert for any indications of possible new outbreaks. This report examines the response to SARS by public health systems in individual countries, the biology of the SARS coronavirus and related coronaviruses in animals, the economic and political fallout of the SARS epidemic, quarantine law and other public health measures that apply to combating infectious diseases, and the role of international organizations and scientific cooperation in halting the spread of SARS. The report provides an illuminating survey of findings from the epidemic, along with an assessment of what might be needed in order to contain any future outbreaks of SARS or other emerging infections. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary and Assessment</li>
<li>1. SARS: Emergence, Detection, and Response</li>
<li>2. Political Influences on the Response to SARS and Economic Impacts of the Disease</li>
<li>3. Microbiology, Ecology, and Natural History of Coronaviruses</li>
<li>4. Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Other Technologies to Control SARS</li>
<li>5. Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak</li>
<li>Appendix A: Agenda: Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak</li>
<li>Appendix B: Clinical Guidance on the Identification and Evaluation of Possible SARS-CoV Disease Among Persons Presenting with Community-Acquired Illness</li>
<li>Appendix C: In the Absence of SARS-CoV Transmission Worldwide:</li>
<li>Appendix D: Selected Bibliography</li>
<li>Appendix E: Glossary and Acronyms</li>
<li>Appendix F: Forum Member, Speaker, and Staff Biographies</li>
</ul>

Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak: Workshop Summary

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