Opportunities in chemistry

Opportunities in Chemistry is based on the contributions of hundreds of American chemists in academia and industry and should be taken as the best available consensus of the chemical community regarding its intellectual frontiers and the economic opportunities that lie beyond them," says Science. This volume addresses the direction in which today's chemical research is heading, including recent developments, technological applications, and the ways advances in chemistry can be used to improve the human condition. In addition, the book examines economic and political implications of chemical research and lists resources for basic research and education in the chemical sciences.

Opportunities in Chemistry

Science & Math

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications

Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology

National, Research Council

Committee to Survey Opportunities in the Chemical Sciences

Chemistry

National Academies Press

Graduate Education in the Chemical Sciences is a summary of the December 1999 workshop, "Graduate Education in the Chemical Sciences: Issues for the 21st Century,"This workshop discussed the various features of graduate education in chemical science and technology. Using case histories and their individual experiences, speakers examined the current status of graduate education in the chemical sciences, identified problems and opportunities, and discussed possible strategies for improving the system. The discussion was oriented toward the goal of generating graduates who are well prepared to advance the chemical sciences in academia, government, and industry in the next 5 to 10 years. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 The Challenges to American Graduate Education2 Graduate Education in the Chemical Sciences3 Graduate Education in Chemistry: A Personal Perspective on Where It Has Been and Where It Might GoPanel Discussion4 External Research Collaborations Enrich Graduate Education5 Portals to Knowledge: Information Technology, Research, and Training6 The Graduate Student in the Dual Role of Student and Teacher7 Keeping an Eye to the Future in Designing Graduate Programs8 The Graduate Student Perspective9 The Making of a Chemist: My Adventures in Graduate School10 A Perspective from a Former Graduate Student11 New Students, New Faculty, and New Opportunities: Preparing Future FacultyPanel Discussion12 Broadening the Scientific Ph.D.: The Princeton Experience13 Across the Disciplines: Center-based Graduate Education and Research14 Training Grants in the Chemical and Biological SciencesClosing RemarksAppendix A List of Workshop ParticipantsAppendix B Biographical Sketches of Workshop SpeakersAppendix C Origin of and Information on the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

Graduate Education in the Chemical Sciences: Issues for the 21st Century Report of a Workshop

Business & Money

Council, National Research

Chemical Sciences Roundtable

Education & Reference

The Second World War introduced the world to nuclear weapons and their consequences. Behind the scene of these nuclear weapons and an aspect of their consequences is radioactive waste. Radioactive waste has varying degrees of harmfulness and poses a problem when it comes to storage and disposal. Radioactive waste is usually kept below ground in varying containers, which depend on how radioactive the waste it. High-level radioactive waste (HLW) can be stored in underground carbon-steel tanks. However, radioactive waste must also be further immobilized to ensure our safety. There are several sites in the United States where high-level radioactive waste (HLW) are stored; including the Savannah River Site (SRS), established in 1950 to produce plutonium and tritium isotopes for defense purposes. In order to further immobilize the radioactive waste at this site an in-tank precipitation (ITP) process is utilized. Through this method, the sludge portion of the tank wastes is being removed and immobilized in borosilicate glass for eventual disposal in a geological repository. As a result, a highly alkaline salt, present in both liquid and solid forms, is produced. The salt contains cesium, strontium, actinides such as plutonium and neptunium, and other radionuclides. But is this the best method? The National Research Council (NRC) has empanelled a committee, at the request of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), to provide an independent technical review of alternatives to the discontinued in-tank precipitation (ITP) process for treating the HLW stored in tanks at the SRS. Alternatives for High-Level Waste Salt Processing at the Savannah RIver Site summarizes the finding of the committee which sought to answer 4 questions including: "Was an appropriately comprehensive set of cesium partitioning alternatives identified and are there other alternatives that should be explored?" and "Are there significant barriers to the implementation of any of the preferred alternatives, taking into account their state of development and their ability to be integrated into the existing SRS HLW system?" Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary</li>
<li>Introduction</li>
<li>Screening Procedure</li>
<li>Strontium and Actinide Removal</li>
<li>Tetraphenylborate: In-Tank Precipitation and Small-Tank Precipitation Options</li>
<li>Crystalline Silicotitanate Ion Exchange</li>
<li>Caustic Side Solvent-Extraction Process</li>
<li>Direct Grout Option</li>
<li>Barriers to Implementation of HLW Salt Processing Options</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members</li>
<li>Appendix B: Interim Report</li>
<li>Appendix C: Information Gathering Meetings</li>
<li>Appendix D: Incedental Waste</li>
<li>Appendix E: Long-Term Safety of the Direct Grout Option</li>
<li>Appendix F: Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board Recommendation 96-1 to the Secretary Of Energy</li>
<li>Appendix G: Acronyms and Abbreviations</li>
</ul>

Alternatives for High-Level Waste Salt Processing at the Savannah River Site

Board on Radioactive Waste Management

Committee on Cesium Processing Alternatives for High-Level Waste at the Savannah River Site

Earth Sciences

For a period of history no women worked outside the home. Bust as years have gone by and society has changed, Women are working varying jobs every day. They are, however, underrepresented in some sectors of jobs. This includes women in the engineering and science fields. To matters worse, women do not ascend the career ladder as fast as or as far as men do. The impact of this and related problems for science, the academic enterprise, the U.S. economy, and global economic competitiveness have been recently examined. The Chemical Sciences Roundtable evaluate that the demographics of the workforce and the implications for science and society vary, depending on the field of science or engineering. The roundtable has organized a workshop, "Women in the Chemical Workforce," to address issues pertinent to the chemical and chemical engineering workforce as a whole, with an emphasis on the advancement of women. Women in the Chemical Workforce: A Workshop Report to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable includes reports regarding the workshop's three sessions-Context and Overview, Opportunities for Change, and Conditions for Success-as well as presentations by invited speakers, discussions within breakout groups, oral reports from each group. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary</li>
<li>1970-2000: A Less Than Golden Age for Women in Chemistry?</li>
<li>The Advancement of Women in Science and Engineering</li>
<li>Workforce for the 21st Century: The Federal Perspective</li>
<li>Reports from the Breakout Sessions</li>
<li>An Oddity No Longer: Women Scientists in Industry</li>
<li>Title IX for Women in Academic Chemistry: Isn't a Millenium of Affirmative Action for White Men Sufficient?</li>
<li>Remarks for the Chemical sciences Roundtable Dinner</li>
<li>Reports from the Breakout Sessions</li>
<li>Experience of women at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology</li>
<li>Reports from the Breakout Groups</li>
<li>Appendix A: Workshop Participants</li>
<li>Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers</li>
<li>Appendix C: Origin of and Information on the Chemical Sciences Roundtable</li>
</ul>

Women in the Chemical Workforce: A Workshop Report to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

Politics & Social Sciences

Social Sciences

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is nearing a decision on how to process 30 million gallons of high-level radioactive waste salt solutions at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina to remove strontium, actinides, and cesium for immobilization in glass and eventual shipment to a geologic repository. The department is sponsoring research and development (R&amp;D) work on four alternative processes and plans to use the results to make a downselection decision in a June 2001 time frame. The DOE requested that the National Research Council help inform this decision by addressing the following charge: 1. evaluate the adequacy of the criteria that will be used by the department to select from among the candidate processes under consideration; 2. evaluate the progress and results of the research and development work that is being undertaken on these candidate processes; and 3. assess whether the technical uncertainties have been sufficiently resolved to proceed with downsizing the list of candidate processes. Responses to the last two points are provided in this report. Research and Development on a Salt Processing Alternative for High-Level Waste at the Savannah River Site focuses exclusively on the technical issues related to the candidate processes for radionuclide removal from high-level waste salt solutions at SRS. The committee's interim report served as a response to the first point of this charge, and may be read in Appendix B. In that report, the committee found that DOE's proposed criteria are an acceptable basis for selecting among the candidate processes under consideration, but that the criteria should not be implemented in a way that relies on a single numerical "total score." Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>Introduction</li>
<li>Progress and Results of DOE</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Letters of Request for this Study</li>
<li>Appendix B: Interim Report</li>
<li>Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members</li>
<li>Appendix D: Information-Gathering Meetings</li>
<li>Appendix E: Acronyms and Abbreviations</li>
</ul>

Research and Development on a Salt Processing Alternative for High-Level Waste at the Savannah River Site

Committee on Radionuclide Separation Processes for High-Level Waste at the Savannah River Site

Why Indoor Chemistry Matters (Consensus Study Report)

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Division on Earth and Life Studies

Committee on Emerging Science on Indoor Chemistry

Chemistry and chemical engineering have changed significantly in the last decade. They have broadened their scopeâ€"into biology, nanotechnology, materials science, computation, and advanced methods of process systems engineering and controlâ€"so much that the programs in most chemistry and chemical engineering departments now barely resemble the classical notion of chemistry. Beyond the Molecular Frontier brings together research, discovery, and invention across the entire spectrum of the chemical sciencesâ€"from fundamental, molecular-level chemistry to large-scale chemical processing technology. This reflects the way the field has evolved, the synergy at universities between research and education in chemistry and chemical engineering, and the way chemists and chemical engineers work together in industry. The astonishing developments in science and engineering during the 20th century have made it possible to dream of new goals that might previously have been considered unthinkable. This book identifies the key opportunities and challenges for the chemical sciences, from basic research to societal needs and from terrorism defense to environmental protection, and it looks at the ways in which chemists and chemical engineers can work together to contribute to an improved future. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 The Structures and Cultures of the Disciplines: The Common Chemical Bond</li>
<li>3 Synthesis and Manufacturing: Creating and Exploiting New Substances and New Transformations</li>
<li>4 Chemical and Physical Transformations</li>
<li>5 Isolating, Identifying, Imaging, and Measuring Substances and Structures</li>
<li>6 Chemical Theory and Computer Modeling: From Computational Chemistry to Process Systems Engineering</li>
<li>7 The Interface with Biology and Medicine</li>
<li>8 Materials by Design</li>
<li>9 Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry</li>
<li>10 Energy: Providing for the Future</li>
<li>11 National and Personal Security</li>
<li>12 How To Achieve These Goals</li>
<li>Appendix A: Biographical Sketches of Steering Committee Members</li>
<li>Appendix B: Statement of Task</li>
<li>Appendix C: Contributors</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Beyond the Molecular Frontier: Challenges for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Committee on Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century

Computers & Technology

This is the first report of seven in the Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century series. The report is based on discussions and presentations at a workshop, and is intended to help scientists and funding agencies set short- and long-term research agendas. It focuses on the challenges for chemists and chemical engineers with respect to threat reduction, preparation, situational awareness, and threat neutralization and remediation Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1. Introduction</li>
<li>2. Grand Challenges</li>
<li>3. Specific Challenges</li>
<li>4. Research Directions</li>
<li>5. Findings</li>
<li>Appendix A: Statement of Task</li>
<li>Appendix B: Biographies of Organizing Committee Members</li>
<li>Appendix C: Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix D: Workshop Presentations</li>
<li>Appendix E: Results of Breakout Sessions</li>
</ul>

National Security and Homeland Defense: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century

History

Military

The report assesses the current state of chemistry and chemical engineering at the interface with materials science and identifies challenges for research. Recent advances are blurring the distinction between chemistry and materials science and are enabling the creation of new materials that, to date, have only been predicted by theory. These advances include a greater ability to construct materials from molecular components, to design materials for a desired function, to understand molecular "self-assembly, and to improve processes by which the material is "engineered" into the final product. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>Introduction</li>
<li>1. Context and Overview</li>
<li>2. Discovery</li>
<li>3. Interfaces</li>
<li>4. Challenges</li>
<li>5. Infrastructure</li>
<li>Appendix A: Statement of Task</li>
<li>Appendix B: Biographies of the Organizing Committee Members</li>
<li>Appendix C: Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix D: Participants</li>
<li>Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups</li>
</ul>

Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century

Organizing Committee for the Workshop on Materials and Manufacturing

This report to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable presents a collection of contributed papers that report success stories for increasing diversity. The report provides background information on the value of diversity in the undergraduate environment, and the success stories address both undergraduate and graduate chemistry programs as well as chemical industry.

Minorities in the Chemical Workforce: Diversity Models that Work: A Workshop Report to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

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