This report examines the key drivers behind China's strategic bomber flights throughout the Asia-Pacific region. It provides a review of all known flights, assesses Chinese official statements, and unofficial expert commentary on flights while leveraging many sources to better understand and gauge regional reactions. The report recommends specific responses for consideration by the U.S. Air Force, U.S. policymakers, and allies and partners.

China’s Long-Range Bomber Flights: Drivers and Implications

History

Chase, Michael S.

Beauchamp-Mustafaga, Nathan

Grossman, Derek

Ma, Logan

Asia

RAND Corporation

The practitioners of hostile social manipulation employ social media, sophisticated forgeries, cyberbullying and harassment, distribution of rumors and conspiracy theories, and other tools to cause damage to their target state. This report represents an effort to better define and understand the challenge by focusing on the activities of the two leading authors of such techniques--Russia and China.

Hostile Social Manipulation: Present Realities and Emerging Trends

Demus, Alyssa

Mazarr, Michael J.

Harold, Scott W.

Matthews, Luke J.

Sladden, James

Casey, Abigail

As part of a series of reports in which RAND researchers examine the established concepts of deterrence and develop a framework for evaluating the strength of deterrent relationships, this report explores two ongoing examples of extended deterrence. In particular, RAND researchers apply the established framework to U.S. efforts to deter North Korean aggression against South Korea and U.S. efforts to deter Chinese aggression against Taiwan.

What Deters and Why: The State of Deterrence in Korea and the Taiwan Strait

Heath, Timothy R.

Eaton, Derek

Some U.S. policymakers are interested in a new approach to the U.S. role in the world: a realist grand strategy of restraint, under which the United States would cooperate more with other powers, reduce its forward military presence, and end some security commitments. The authors explain how U.S. policies toward key regions would change under such a strategy, identify unanswered questions, and offer next steps for developing policy implications.

Implementing Restraint: Changes in U.S. Regional Security Policies to Operationalize a Realist Grand Strategy of Restraint

Priebe, Miranda

Martini, Jeffrey

Rooney, Bryan

Pezard, Stephanie

How are state adversaries using disinformation on social media to advance their interests? What does the joint force?and the U.S. Air Force in particular?need to be prepared to do in response? Disinformation campaigns on social media pose a nuanced threat to the United States, but the response remains ad hoc and uncoordinated. This series overview presents recommendations to better prepare for this new age of information warfare.

Combating Foreign Disinformation on Social Media: Study Overview and Conclusions

Hornung, Jeffrey W.

Cohen, Raphael S.

Schwille, Michael

Cheravitch, Joe

Jun, Jenny

Treyger, Elina

Vest, Nathan

Reference

Given rising tensions between the United States and China, understanding how the People?s Liberation Army thinks about the use of disinformation campaigns on social media has emerged as an important question. The authors of this report identify key Chinese practices and the supporting infrastructure and conditions that such campaigns require to be successful, concluding that China is using Taiwan as a test bed for developing attack vectors.

Chinese Disinformation Efforts on Social Media (Combating Foreign Disinformation on Social Media)

To what extent can the United States still cooperate with China and Russia in certain areas even in this era of strategic competition? On which issues? What are the obstacles, the potential benefits, and the risks associated with great power cooperation? This report, the first of a four-part series, presents the overarching findings of a study that explored these questions.

Vanishing Trade Space: Assessing the Prospects for Great Power Cooperation in an Era of Competition―A Project Overview (Research Report)

Clark, Asha

Conn, Kit

Americas

This report, part of a four-part series, describes the potential for U.S. cooperation with China or Russia in the Indo-Pacific on seven issues: securing a free and open Indo-Pacific, ensuring the defense of key allies and partners, expanding cooperation with new partners in Southeast Asia, ensuring peace in the Taiwan Strait, achieving the denuclearization of North Korea, countering terrorism, and deepening U.S. geostrategic ties with India.

Assessing the Prospects for Great Power Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific

Kim, Soo

This report, part of a four-part series, describes the potential for U.S. cooperation with China or Russia in Europe and the Middle East on seven issues: broader Euro-Atlantic security, Baltic security, Balkan security and strategic orientation, Turkey's regional role and strategic orientation, the future of Ukraine, Middle East stability and peace processes, and countering Iran and its proxies.

Assessing the Prospects for Great Power Cooperation in Europe and the Middle East

Rhoades, Ashley L.

In this study, RAND researchers examined the current role of security cooperation efforts as a tool in the emerging strategic competition among the United States, Russia, and China. In particular, they sought to identify how, where, and to what degree the three major competitors?plus Australia, Japan, India, and several countries in Europe?are using security cooperation.

Security Cooperation in a Strategic Competition

Grill, Beth

Charap, Samuel

Massicot, Dara

Stalczynski, Mark

Morris, Lyle J.

BLANK, Jonah

Shostak, Melissa

Thaler, David E.

Shih, Alice

P. Moroney, Jennifer D.

Noyes, Alexander

Walker, Dori

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