The site at Whitecross Farm, including timber structures located on the edge of the eyot, and a substantial midden and occupation deposit has been securely radiocarbon-dated to the late Bronze Age. The late Bronze Age artefact assemblages are suggestive of a high-status site, with a range of domestic and ritual activities represented. The bank of the Grim's Ditch earthwork was found to have preserved evidence of earlier settlement, dating to the Neolithic and Bronze Age, and a sequence of cultivation, including ard marks and 'cord-rig' cultivation ridges. Pottery and radiocarbon analysis dated the earthwork to the end of the late Iron Age or the early Roman period. A multi-period settlement, consisting of pits, a waterhole, postholes, gullies and field systems, was identified at Bradford's Brook, Cholsey. The main periods represented are late Bronze Age and Romano-British, while a small quantity of Saxon pottery indicates limited Saxon activity. A large pit containing late Bronze Age pottery, a cattle skull, waterlogged wood and plant remains, a complete loomweight and flint flakes has been interpreted as a waterhole. A series of radiocarbon dates were obtained for deposits within this feature. All three sites are discussed individually as well as within their local, regional and national contexts. Chapter 7 provides an overall discussion of later Bronze Age themes that have arisen through the excavation and analysis of these sites.

Archaeology of the Wallingford Bypass, 1986-92: Late Bronze Age Ritual and Habitation on a Thames Eyot at Whitecross Farm, Wallingford (Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph)

History

Robinson, Mark

Cromarty, Anne Marie

Barclay, Alistair

Lambrick, George

Europe

Lancaster

<p>The Upper Thames Valley is an important area for prehistoric monuments and has one of the highest concentrations of cursuses, distinctive linear or elongated earthworks, in Britain. In the 1980s the Oxford Archaeological Unit along with the Abingdon Area Archaeological and Historical Society had the opportunity to extensively investigate one of these sites at Drayton. This site has produced many significant results for our present understanding of the date, construction and use of cursus monuments on the lowland river gravels of Britain. This volume reports on the excavations at Drayton, and includes an account of small-scale excavations undertaken at the Lechlade cursus by OAU and Lance and Faith Vatcher. It also provides a gazetteer of known cursus monuments in the Upper Thames Valley.</p>

Lines in the Landscape: Cursus monuments in the Upper Thames Valley (Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph)

MOORE. John

Report on three seasons of excavation conducted in advance of gravel extraction in 1972, 1973 and 1988 at the Devil's Quoits circle-henge monument near Stanton Harcourt in Oxfordshire. While the stones have gone, evidence has been uncovered for the complete plan. The stratigraphy of the henge ditch (including analysis of sediments and soils) is described. Investigations in the interior uncovered very little pottery but struck flint and animal bone was found. The construction and significance of the monument is discussed. A gazetteer and review of local pre-Iron Age sites places it in its ancient context, while proposals for its preservation and partial reconstruction as a cultural amenity look to its future.

Excavations at the Devil's Quoits, Stanton Harcourt (Uk/Ne-arch)

Gray, Margaret

Ancient Civilizations

Oxford University School of Archaeology

Excavation was undertaken at Barrow Hills, close to Abingdon cuasewayed enclosure, in 1983-1985 prior to development over the Early Bronze Age barrow cemetery. Evidence was recovered on the ceremonial and funerary use of the complex from the early Neolithic to at least the Middle Bronze Age, including the recovery of ring ditches, Neolithic pits, flat graves, pond barrows, and an Early Bronze Age cremation cemetery. Earlier salvage excavations and early reconnaissance of the site are discussed, as well as the wider burial and funerary significance of the site. Post-excavation analysis is described in detail. Its aims were to investigate the structure, chronological sequence and use of the site; the funerary, ceremonial and domestic activity; to place the archaeological finds in a landscape context; to look at artefact deposition and assemblage composition; and to compare the Barrow Hills complex with other sites. Comprehensive and well-illustrated.

Excavations at Barrow Hills, Radley, Oxfordshire Vol. 1: The Neolithic and Bronze Age Monument Complex (Thames Valley Landscapes)

Excavations at Cliffs End Farm, Thanet, Kent, undertaken in 2004/5 uncovered a dense area of archaeological remains including Bronze Age barrows and enclosures, and a large prehistoric mortuary feature, as well as a small early 6th to late 7th century Anglo-Saxon inhumation cemetery. An extraordinary series of human and animal remains were recovered from the Late Bronze Age–Middle Iron Age mortuary feature, revealing a wealth of evidence for mortuary rites including exposure, excarnation and curation. The site seems to have been largely abandoned in the later Iron Age and very little Romano-British activity was identified. In the early 6th century a small inhumation cemetery was established. Very little human bone survived within the 21 graves, where the burial environment differed from that within the prehistoric mortuary feature, but grave goods indicate ‘females’ and ‘males’ were buried here. Richly furnished graves included that of a ‘female’ buried with a necklace, a pair of brooches and a purse, as well as a ‘male’ with a shield covering his face, a knife and spearhead. In the Middle Saxon period lines of pits, possibly delineating boundaries, were dug, some of which contained large deposits of marine shells. English Heritage funded an extensive program of radiocarbon and isotope analyses, which have produced some surprising results that shed new light on long distance contacts, mobility and mortuary rites during later prehistory.  This volume presents the results of the investigations together with the scientific analyses, human bone, artifact and environmental reports.

Cliffs End Farm Isle of Thanet, Kent: A mortuary and ritual site of the Bronze Age, Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon period with evidence for long-distance maritime mobility (Wessex Archaeology Reports)

Schuster, Jörn

McKinley, Jacqueline I.

Stoodley, Nick

Leivers, Matt

Marshall, Peter

Wessex Archaeology

A review of the most recent evidence from cursuses, and ideas on their interpretation, with contributions as follows: Introduction (J Harding and A Barclay) , the radiocarbon problem (A Barclay and A Bayliss) , symbolic territories (J Harding) , processions, memories and the Dorset cursus (R Johnston) , Dorchester on Thames - ritual complex or ritual landscape (R Loveday) , cattle, cursus monuments and the river ... the Upper Thames (A Barclay and G Hey) , the Cambridgeshire Ouse (T Malim) , Eastern England (J Last) , the Cleaven Dyke (A Barclay and G Maxwell) , the Holywood cursus, Dumfries (J Thomas et al) , cursus monuments in Scotland (K Brophy) , cursus monuments in Wales (A Gibson) , cursus-like monuments in Ireland (C Newman) , Passy-Rots and linear monuments in northern France (I Kinnes) .

Pathways and Ceremonies: The Cursus Monuments of Britain and Ireland (Neolithic Studies Group Seminar Papers)

Harding, Jan

Oxbow Books

CfE Higher Psychology Study Guide

Reference

Bright Red Publishing

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