Considered by many the most beautiful book ever created, Ireland's Book of Kells is renowned for its glorious handwritten script, developed by monks and scribes in the sixth and seventh centuries A.D. One of the most distinctive features of the script is the triangular serif at the top of the letters. For many years, the derivation of the triangular form was a mystery to calligraphers.Now, in this remarkable new manual, noted calligrapher Arthur Baker reveals how the ancient scribes produced the distinctive triangular serif, an effect that can be traced back to the magnificent capitals of first-century Rome. This easy-to-follow book shows you how to achieve the same results; it is a complete stroke-by-stroke guide to creating each letter of the alphabet in the age-old Celtic manner. Crystal clear instructions also cover pens, inks, work surface, paper and lines, how to hold the pen, and more. An introduction by calligrapher William Hogarth outlines the background of the Kells script and Arthur Baker's contributions to clarifying its origins. Calligraphy, or the art of beautiful writing, is currently enjoying a resurgence of popularity among those who delight in the elegance and artistry of a fine hand. This new stroke-by-stroke manual, by a leading practitioner of the art, details the hand positions, techniques, and tools required to produce the half-uncial style, among the most beautiful and unique writing styles ever invented.

Celtic Hand Stroke by Stroke: Irish Half-Uncial from The Book of Kells

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ARTHUR BAKER

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Dover Publications

Calligraphy Manual

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Crafts & Hobbies

Dryad P.

From the INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. The first step taken in the theory of Elliptic Functions was the determination of a relation between the amplitudes of three functions of either order, such that there should exist an algebraic relation between the three functions themselves of which these were the amplitudes. It is one of the most remarkable discoveries which science owes to Euler. In 1761 he gave to the world the complete integration of an equation of two terms, each an elliptic function of the first or second order, not separately integrable.  This integration introduced an arbitrary constant in the form of a third function, related to the first two by a given equation between the amplitudes of the three. In 1775 Landen, an English mathematician, published his celebrated theorem showing that any arc of a hyperbola may be measured by two arcs of an ellipse, an important element of the theory of Elliptic Functions, but then an isolated result. The great problem of comparison of Elliptic Functions of different moduli remained unsolved, though Euler, in a measure, exhausted the comparison of functions of the same modulus. It was completed in 1784 by Lagrange, and for the computation of numerical results leaves little to be desired. The value of a function may be determined by it, in terms of increasing or diminishing moduli, until at length it depends upon a function having a modulus of zero, or unity. For all practical purposes this was sufficient. The enormous task of calculating tables was undertaken by Legendre. His labors did not end here, however. There is none of the discoveries of his predecessors which has not received some perfection at his hands; and it was he who first supplied to the whole that connection and arrangement which have made it an independent science. The theory of Elliptic Integrals remained at a standstill from 1786, the year when Legendre took it up, until the year 1827, when the second volume of his Traite des Fonctions Elliptiques appeared. Scarcely so, however, when there appeared the researches of Jacobi, a Professor of Mathematics in Konigsberg, in the 123d number of the Journal of Schumacher, and those of Abel, Professor of Mathematics at Christiania, in the 3d number of Crelle's Journal for 1827. These publications put the theory of Elliptic Functions upon an entirely new basis. The researches of Jacobi have for their principal object the development of that general relation of functions of the first order having different moduli, of which the scales of Legrange and Legendre are particular cases.

Elliptic Functions : An Elementary Text-Book for Students of Mathematics

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