Low-Altitude Wind Shear and Its Hazard to Aviation

Engineering & Transportation

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate

Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems

Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board

National, Research Council

Committee on Low-Altitude Wind Shear and Its Hazard to Aviation

Transportation

National Academies Press

If the United States hopes to continue as a leader in space, it must invest now in better earth-to-orbit technology by replacing obsolete launch facilities while also developing a new class of more robust and reliable vehicles. From Earth to Orbit provides strategies to reduce launch costs while increasing the reliability and resilency of vehicles. It also recommends continued improvements for the Space Shuttle Orbiter and its subsystems and the development of a Space Transportation Main Engine (STME). Table of ContentsFront MatterList of Figures and TablesSummary of Key Findings and RecommendationsTerms, Acronyms, and Abbreviations1 Introduction2 A Path to a Desirable National Space Launch System3 Projected Launch Requirements4 Launch Vehicle Options5 Propulsion Capabilities for Earth-to-Orbit Launch Vehicle6 Technology DevelopmentBiographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix A An Approach to Space InfrastructureAppendix B List of ParticipantsAppendix C Bibliography

From Earth to Orbit: An Assessment of Transportation Options

Science & Math

Committee on Earth-to-Orbit Transportation Options

Astronomy & Space Science

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that was originally designed for the U.S. military. However, the number of civilian GPS users now exceeds the military users, and many commercial markets have emerged. This book identifies technical improvements that would enhance military, civilian, and commercial use of the GPS. Several technical improvements are recommended that could be made to enhance the overall system performance.  Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive SummaryTASK 1Recommendations that Enhance GPS Performance for Civil and Commercial UsersRecommendations that Enhance GPS Performance for All Users (Civil, Commercial, and Military)Improvement Implementation StrategyTASK 3THE TASKJOINT STUDY APPROACHMAJOR ISSUES AND CONSIDERATIONSGPS PROGRAM OVERVIEWGPS TECHNICAL OVERVIEWINTRODUCTIONGPS MILITARY APPLICATIONSCurrent and Future Applications and RequirementsAccuracy and IntegrityAnti-Jam and Anti-Spoof CapabilityGPS AVIATION APPLICATIONSCurrent and Future Applications and RequirementsResistance to Radio Frequency InterferenceOperational ProceduresMARITIME USE OF GPSCurrent and Future Applications and RequirementsAssociated TechnologiesSelective AvailabilityFindingsCurrent and Future Applications and RequirementsAccuracy Versus Other RequirementsFindingsCurrent and Future Applications and RequirementsChallenges to Full GPS UtilizationGPS EARTH SCIENCE APPLICATIONSOceanographyAirborne GeophysicsAccuracy RequirementsOceanographyFindingsCurrent and Future Applications and RequirementsTime SynchronizationSPACECRAFT USES OF GPSOrbit DeterminationLaunch and Re-entry Vehicle GuidanceSignal VisibilitySUMMARYINTRODUCTIONAccuracySELECTIVE AVAILABILITY AND ANTI-SPOOFINGSelective AvailabilityMilitary Utility of SAImpact of SA on GPS User Equipment Manufacturers and U.S. CompetitivenessImpact of SA on Civil UsersFindings and RecommendationsImpact of A-S on Military UsersFindings and RecommendationsSIGNAL STRUCTURE MODIFICATIONS TO REDUCE ATMOSPHERIC DELAY ERRORGuidelines and Technical ConsiderationsNew Signal Structure OptionsOption 2: Narrow-Band L4 SignalIncreased AccuracyReduction of Receiver Noise and Multipath ErrorsFindings and RecommendationsRecommended Upgrades to the Operational Control SegmentAccuracy ImprovementsOverall System ImprovementsPlanned Block IIR OperationAccuracy Improvements by Incorporating Satellite Ranging Data into Ground SolutionGround-Based Integrity ImprovementsRapid, Direct Y-Code AcquisitionInertial Aiding ImprovementsSignal Processing ImprovementsImproved L2 Ionospheric CorrectionPossible Interim Operational ProceduresIMPROVEMENT IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGYUse of a 24-Satellite Ensemble ClockReduced Satellite Clock Errors Through Use of Improved ClocksSatellite-Based Integrity MonitoringCross-Correlation Type Y-Codeless ReceiversY-Code Tracking PPS ReceiversWide-Band Signals at High FrequencySpot BeamsGPS Transmit Antenna CalibrationImproved L1 Signal Reception at Angles Below the Earth's HorizonAppendix B Abbreviated Committee BiographiesORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NAVSTAR GPS PROGRAMDepartment of DefenseDepartment of TransportationThe Federal Radionavigation PlanGPS TECHNICAL OVERVIEWSpace SegmentOperational Control SegmentUser EquipmentGPS Signal Characteristics and Operational ConceptsSelective Availability and Other Positioning ErrorsAtmospheric ErrorReceiver ErrorsAvailabilityResistance to RF InterferenceDifferential GPSCarrier Phase (Interferometric) GPSReceiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)Combined Use of GPS and GLONASSGPS and Loran-CPERMANENT DIFFERENTIAL GPS AUGMENTATIONSFAA Wide-Area and Local-Area DGPS ConceptsNOAA Continuously Operated Reference StationsMaritime DGPS ServicesInmarsatRacal SurveyACCQPOINTDifferential Corrections Inc.Appendix D Accuracy Definitions And Mathematical RelationshipsAppendix E Report From Mr. Michael Dyment, Booz Allen &amp; HamiltonAppendix F Report From Dr. Young Lee, The MITRE CorporationEFFECT OF ELIMINATING SELECTIVE AVAILABILITY (SA): IMPACT ON RAIMAppendix G Increased Bandwidth Performance AnalysisAppendix H Signal Structure OptionsOPTION 6OPTION 9Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.Appendix J Selective Denial of Civilian GPS Signals by the MilitaryOLD TECHNOLOGY (100,000 GATE ASIC)DISCUSSIONAppendix L Enhanced Signal Structures for the MilitarySCENARIO 1: UNAIDED Y-CODE BANDWIDTH SIGNAL WITH A STANDARD ANTENNASCENARIO 5: AIDED WIDE BANDWIDTH STANDARD ANTENNASCENARIO 7: AIDED WIDE BANDWIDTH WITH NULLING AND BEAM-FORMING ANTENNAAnalysisAnalysis

The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset (Romantic Reassessment; 118)

Staff, National Research Council

Business & Money

Although the U.S. aeronautics industry has been one of the undisputed success stories in global competitiveness throughout the latter half of this century and is currently one of the largest positive industrial contributors to the U.S. balance of trade, long-term strategic planning is necessary to ensure that the United States retains a strong and competitive aeronautics industry in the future. Recognizing that a long-term strategic plan for aeronautics requires a broad-based national perspective that includes the needs of users and consumers, the National Research Council conducted a workshop that would bring together experts from industry, government, and academia to analyze a number of possible scenarios for aeronautics 15 to 25 years hence. The results of the workshop, which are discussed in this book, focus on potential needs and opportunities for aviation and aeronautics in the future and their implications for several broad areas of technology development. These areas include new types of aircraft, improved system integration in aircraft design manufacturing and operations, passenger and crew safety and security, operating efficiency and cost effectiveness, environmental compliance and noise abatement, and access to space. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>FRONT MATTER</li>
<li>EXECUTIVE SUMMARY</li>
<li>1: INTRODUCTION</li>
<li>2: LONG-TERM GLOBAL SCENARIOS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR AERONAUTICS</li>
<li>3: NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES, TECHNOLOGY IMPLICATIONS, AND THE FUTURE ROLE OF NASA</li>
<li>APPENDIX A: STATEMENT OF TASK</li>
<li>APPENDIX B: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF STEERING COMMITTEE MEMBERS</li>
<li>APPENDIX C: WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS</li>
<li>APPENDIX D: SCENARIO NARRATIVES AS PROVIDED BY THE NASA/TFG/SAIC CORE TEAM</li>
<li>APPENDIX E: WORKSHOP AGENDA</li>
<li>APPENDIX F: QUESTIONS FOR WORLD TEAM SESSIONS</li>
<li>APPENDIX G: BIBLIOGRAPHY</li>
<li>APPENDIX H: SCENARIO-BASED STRATEGIC PLANNING AS DESCRIBED BY THE FUTURES GROUP</li>
</ul>

Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Aeronautics: Scenario-Based Strategic Planning for NASA's Aeronautics Enterprise

Steering Committee for a Workshop to Develop Long-Term Global Aeronautics Scenarios

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is currently developing advanced technologies to form the foundation for the next breakthrough in civil aviation: an economically viable, environmentally acceptable supersonic transport. NASA's High Speed Research Program works in conjunction with industry to identify and address critical technological challenges to initiating commercial development of a practical supersonic transport. The key technical areas investigated are engine emissions, fuel efficiency, service life, and weight; community noise; aircraft range and payload; and weight and service life of airframe structures. Areas of particular interest include the ability of technologies under development to meet program goals related to noise, emissions, service life, weight, range, and payload. This book examines aircraft design requirements, assesses the program's planning and progress, and recommends changes that will help the program achieve its overall objectives. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>FRONT MATTER</li>
<li>EXECUTIVE SUMMARY</li>
<li>1 INTRODUCTION</li>
<li>2 REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS</li>
<li>3 PROPULSION</li>
<li>4 AIRFRAME</li>
<li>5 INTEGRATED AIRCRAFT</li>
<li>6 SUMMARY OF PROGRAM PLANNING ISSUES</li>
<li>A LIST OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS</li>
<li>B BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS</li>
<li>C STATEMENT OF TASK</li>
<li>D PARTICIPANTS IN COMMITTEE MEETINGS</li>
<li>ACRONYMS</li>
</ul>

U.S. Supersonic Commercial Aircraft: Assessing NASA's High Speed Research Program

Committee on High Speed Research

After the completion of the National Research Council (NRC) report, Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Aeronautics: Scenario-Based Strategic Planning for NASA's Aeronautics Enterprise (1997), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Office of Aeronautics and Space Transportation Technology requested that the NRC remain involved in its strategic planning process by conducting a study to identify a short list of revolutionary or breakthrough technologies that could be critical to the 20 to 25 year future of aeronautics and space transportation. These technologies were to address the areas of need and opportunity identified in the above mentioned NRC report, which have been characterized by NASA's 10 goals (see Box ES-1) in "Aeronautics &amp; Space Transportation Technology: Three Pillars for Success" (NASA, 1997). The present study would also examine the 10 goals to determine if they are likely to be achievable, either through evolutionary steps in technology or through the identification and application of breakthrough ideas, concepts, and technologies. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Achieving NASA's Goals with Breakthrough Technolgies</li>
<li>3 Air Vehicle Technology</li>
<li>4 Air Transportion System Technology</li>
<li>5 Space Transportation Technology</li>
<li>6 Breakthrough Technologies to Meet NASA's Goals</li>
<li>Acronyms and Abbreviations</li>
<li>Appendix A: Statement of Task</li>
<li>Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members</li>
<li>Appendix C: Sources of Input to the Committee</li>
<li>Appendix D: Complete List of Technologies Assessed</li>
<li>Appendix E: Workshop on Breakthrough Aerospace Technologies</li>
</ul>

Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Aeronautics: Breakthrough Technologies to Meet Future Air and Space Transportation Needs and Goals (Compass Series)

Committee to Identify Potential Breakthrough Technologies and Assess Long-Term R&D Goals in Aeronautics and Space Transportation Technology

The U.S. space program is rapidly changing from an activity driven by federal government launches to one driven by commercial launches. In 1997, for the first time commercial launches outnumbered government launches at the Eastern Range (ER), located at Cape Canaveral Air Station, Florida. Commercial activity is also increasing at the Western Range (WR), located at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. The government itself is emulating commercial customers, shifting from direct management of launch programs to the purchase of space launch services from U.S. commercial launch companies in an open, competitive market. The fundamental goal of the U.S. space program is to ensure safe, reliable, and affordable access to space. Despite the inherent danger of space launches, the U.S. space program has demonstrated its ability to protect the public. No launch site worker or member of the general public has been killed or seriously injured in any of the 4,600 launches conducted at the ER and WR during the entire 50-year history of the space age. Streamlining Space Launch Range Safety discusses whether range safety processes can be made more efficient and less costly without compromising public safety. This report presents six primary recommendations, which address risk management, Africa gates, roles and responsibilities, range safety documentation [EWR 127-1]), global positioning system (GPS) receiver tracking systems, and risk standards for aircraft and ships.

Streamlining Space Launch Range Safety (Compass Series)

Committee on Space Launch Range Safety

The International Space Station (ISS) is truly an international undertaking. The project is being led by the United States, with the participation of Japan, the European Space Agency, Canada, Italy, Russia, and Brazil. Russia is participating in full partnership with the United States in the fabrication of ISS modules, the assembly of ISS elements on orbit, and, after assembly has been completed, the day-to-day operation of the station. Construction of the ISS began with the launch of the Russian Zarya module in November 1998 followed by the launch of the U.S. Unity module in December 1998. The two modules were mated and interconnected by the crew of the Space Shuttle during the December flight, and the first assembled element of the ISS was in place. Construction will continue with the delivery of components and assembly on orbit through a series of 46 planned flights. During the study period, the Assembly Complete milestone was scheduled for November 2004 with the final ISS construction flight delivering the U.S. Habitation Module. Engineering Challenges to the Long-Term Operation of the International Space Station is a study of the engineering challenges posed by longterm operation of the ISS. This report states that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the ISS developers have focused almost totally on completing the design and development of the station and completing its assembly in orbit. This report addresses the issues and opportunities related to long-term operations.

Engineering Challenges to the Long-Term Operation of the International Space Station

Committee on the Engineering Challenges to the Long-Term Operation of the International Space Station

Uninhabited Air Vehicles: Enabling Science for Military Systems

U.S. Air Force (USAF) planners have envisioned that uninhabited air vehicles (UAVs), working in concert with inhabited vehicles, will become an integral part of the future force structure. Current plans are based on the premise that UAVs have the potential to augment, or even replace, inhabited aircraft in a variety of missions. However, UAV technologies must be better understood before they will be accepted as an alternative to inhabited aircraft on the battlefield. The U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) requested that the National Research Council, through the National Materials Advisory Board and the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, identify long-term research opportunities for supporting the development of technologies for UAVs. The objectives of the study were to identify technological developments that would improve the performance and reliability of â€œgeneration-after-nextâ€ UAVs at lower cost and to recommend areas of fundamental research in materials, structures, and aeronautical technologies. The study focused on innovations in technology that would â€œleapfrogâ€ current technology development and would be ready for scaling-up in the post-2010 time frame (i.e., ready for use on aircraft by 2025). Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive SummaryPart I Integrated Air Vehicles2 The Uninhabited Air Vehicle as a SystemPart II Vehicle Technologies3 Aerodynamics4 Airframe Materials and Structures5 Propulsion Technologies6 Power and Related Technologies7 Control Technologies8 Research on Vehicle SubsystemsReferencesList of Findings and RecommendationsAcronyms

Uninhabited Air Vehicles: Enabling Science for Military Systems (Compass Series)

National Materials Advisory Board

Committee on Materials, Structures, and Aeronautics for Advanced Uninhabited Air Vehicles

America is changing. Many of the most noticeable changes in day-to-day life are associated with the advancing capabilities of computer systems, the growing variety of tasks they can accomplish, and the accelerating rate of change. Advanced engineering environments (AEEs) combine advanced, networked computer systems with advanced modeling and simulation technologies. When more fully developed, AEEs will enable teams of researchers, technologists, designers, manufacturers, suppliers, customers, and other users scattered across a continent or the globe to develop new products and carry out new missions with unprecedented effectiveness. Business as usual, however, will not achieve this vision. Government, industry, and academic organizations need to make the organizational and process changes that will enable their staffs to use current and future AEE technologies and systems. Design in the New Millennium: Advanced Engineering Environments: Phase 2 is the second part of a two-part study of advanced engineering environments. The Phase 1 report, issued in 1999, identified steps the federal government, industry, and academia could take in the near term to enhance the development of AEE technologies and systems with broad application in the U.S. engineering enterprise. Design in the New Millennium focuses on the long-term potential of AEE technologies and systems over the next 15 years. This report calls on government, industry, and academia to make major changes to current organizational cultures and practices to achieve a long-term vision that goes far beyond what current capabilities allow.

Design in the New Millennium: Advanced Engineering Environments: Phase 2

National Academy of Engineering

Committee on Advanced Engineering Environments

Engineering

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