Medications are an important component of health care, but each year their misuse results in over a million adverse drug events that lead to office and emergency room visits as well as hospitalizations and, in some cases, death. As a patient's most tangible source of information about what drug has been prescribed and how that drug is to be taken, the label on a container of prescription medication is a crucial line of defense against such medication safety problems, yet almost half of all patients misunderstand label instructions about how to take their medicines. Standardizing Medication Labels: Confusing Patients Less is the summary of a workshop, held in Washington, D.C. on October 12, 2007, that was organized to examine what is known about how medication container labeling affects patient safety and to discuss approaches to addressing identified problems. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Presentations</li>
<li>3 Federal Agency Reaction to Prescription Use Instruction Standardization</li>
<li>4 Reaction from the Pharmacy Field to Prescription Use Instruction Standardization</li>
<li>5 Other Stakeholder Reaction to Prescription Use Instruction Standardization: Physicians and Patients</li>
<li>6 Other Stakeholder Reaction to Prescription Use Instruction Standardization: Educators of Pharmacists and Physicians</li>
<li>7 What Would It Take to Move Toward Prescription Use Instruction Standardization?</li>
<li>8 Closing Remarks</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix B: Biosketches of the Workshop Speakers</li>
<li>Appendix C: ACP White Paper</li>
</ul>

Standardizing Medication Labels: Confusing Patients Less: Workshop Summary

Medical Books

Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice

Roundtable on Health Literacy

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE

Administration & Medicine Economics

National Academies Press

There is great enthusiasm over the use of emerging interactive health information technologies-often referred to as eHealth-and the potential these technologies have to improve the quality, capacity, and efficiency of the health care system. However, many doctors, advocacy groups, policy makers and consumers are concerned that electronic health systems might help individuals and communities with greater resources while leaving behind those with limited access to technology. In order to address this problem, the Institute of Medicine's Roundtable on Health Literacy held a workshop to explore the current status of communication technology, the challenges for its use in populations with low health literacy, and the strategies for increasing the benefit of these technologies for populations with low health literacy. The summary of the workshop, "Health Literacy, eHealth, and Communication: Putting the Consumer First," includes participants' comments on these issues. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Overview of Issues</li>
<li>3 Outcomes and Challenges of eHealth Approaches: Panel 1</li>
<li>4 Outcomes and Challenges of eHealth Approaches: Panel 2</li>
<li>5 Emerging Tools and Strategies</li>
<li>6 Concluding Discussion</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Glossary of Terms</li>
<li>Appendix B: Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix C: Workshop Speaker Biosketches</li>
</ul>

Health Literacy, eHealth, and Communication: Putting the Consumer First: Workshop Summary

Computers & Technology

To receive the greatest value for health care, it is important to focus on issues of quality and disparity, and the ability of individuals to make appropriate decisions based on basic health knowledge and services. The Forum on the Science of Health Care Quality Improvement and Implementation, the Roundtable on Health Disparities, and the Roundtable on Health Literacy jointly convened the workshop "Toward Health Equity and Patient-Centeredness: Integrating Health Literacy, Disparities Reduction, and Quality Improvement" to address these concerns. During this workshop, speakers and participants explored how equity in care delivered and a focus on patients could be improved. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Opportunity at the Intersection of Quality Improvement, Disparities Reduction, and Health Literacy</li>
<li>3 Building the Foundation for Integrating Health Literacy, Disparities Reduction, and Quality Improvement in Health and Health Care</li>
<li>4 Integration at the Practitioner Level</li>
<li>5 Breakout Groups</li>
<li>6 Policy Issues of Integration</li>
<li>7 Concluding Remarks</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix B: Workshop Participants</li>
</ul>

Toward Health Equity and Patient-Centeredness: Integrating Health Literacy, Disparities Reduction, and Quality Improvement: Workshop Summary

Board on Health Care Services

Roundtable on Health Disparities

Forum on the Science of Health Care Quality Improvement and Implementation

Health, Fitness & Dieting

Health literacy--the ability for individuals to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services to facilitate appropriate health decisions--is increasingly recognized as an important facet of health care and health outcomes. Although research on health literacy has grown tremendously in the past decade, there is no widely agreed-upon framework for health literacy as a determinant of health outcomes. Most instruments focus on assessing an individual's health literacy, yet the scope of health literacy reaches far beyond an individual's skills and abilities. Health literacy occurs in the context of the health care system, and therefore measures of health literacy must also assess the demands and complexities of the health care systems with which patients interact. For example, measures are needed to determine how well the system has been organized so that it can be navigated by individuals with different levels of health literacy and how well health organizations are doing at making health information understandable and actionable. To examine what is known about measures of health literacy, the Institute of Medicine convened a workshop. The workshop, summarized in this volume, reviews the current status of measures of health literacy, including those used in the health care setting; discusses possible surrogate measures that might be used to assess health literacy; and explores ways in which health literacy measures can be used to assess patient-centered approaches to care. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 An Overview of Measures of Health Literacy</li>
<li>3 Approaches to Assessing Health Literacy</li>
<li>4 Population-Based Approaches to Assessing Health Literacy</li>
<li>5 Measuring Health System Responses to Health Literacy</li>
<li>6 Measuring Health Literacy: What? So What? Now What?</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix B: Workshop Speaker Biosketches</li>
<li>Appendix C: CAHPS(r) Clinician and Group Survey: Health Literacy Item Set</li>
</ul>

Measures of Health Literacy: Workshop Summary

Nearly nine out of 10 adults have difficulty using everyday health information to make good health decisions. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Roundtable on Health Literacy held a meeting on May 27, 2010, to explore areas for research in health literacy, the relationship between health literacy and health disparities, and ways to apply information technology to improve health literacy. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Report on the First Annual Research on Health Literacy Conference3 The Role of Health Literacy in Health Disparities Research4 The Role of Health Literacy in Health Information Technology5 Professional Development in Health Literacy Research6 A Call to Action7 Health Literacy Research Contributions to the National Action Plan8 Lessons Learned from the WorkshopReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Workshop Speaker BiosketchesAppendix C: Workshop Report from the Health Literacy Annual Research Conference

Innovations in Health Literacy Research: Workshop Summary

Health literacy has been shown to affect health outcomes. The use of preventive services improves health and prevents costly health care expenditures. Several studies have found that health literacy makes a difference in the extent to which populations use preventive services. On September 15, 2009, the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Health Literacy held a workshop to explore approaches to integrate health literacy into primary and secondary prevention. Promoting Health Literacy to Encourage Prevention and Wellness serves as a factual account of the discussion that took place at the workshop. The report describes the inclusion of health literacy into public health prevention programs at the national, state, and local levels; reviews how insurance companies factor health literacy into their prevention programs; and discusses industry contributions to providing health literate primary and secondary prevention. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 The Role of Health Literacy in Primary and Secondary Prevention</li>
<li>3 Commissioned Paper on Integrating Health Literacy into Primary and Secondary Prevention Strategies</li>
<li>4 Panel Reactions</li>
<li>5 Intersection of Health Literacy and Public Health prevention Programs</li>
<li>6 How Do Insurance Companies Factor Health Literacy into Prevention Programs and Information for Enrollees ?</li>
<li>7 Industry Contributions to Providing Health Literate Primary and Secondary Prevention</li>
<li>8 The Potential and Challenges of Highlighting Health Literacy</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix B: Workshop Speaker Biosketches</li>
<li>Appendix C: Commissioned Paper</li>
</ul>

Promoting Health Literacy to Encourage Prevention and Wellness: Workshop Summary

Implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 will result in significant changes to the U.S. health care system. Among its many provisions, the ACA will extend access to health care coverage to millions of Americans who have been previously uninsured. Many of the newly eligible health insurance consumers will be individuals of low health literacy, some speakers of English and others more comfortable using languages other than English. Health insurance terms such as "deductible," "co-insurance," and "out-of-pocket limit" are difficult to communicate even to those with moderate-to-high levels of health literacy and so health exchanges will face challenges as they attempt to communicate to the broader community. In addition to having to convey some of these basic, and yet complex, principles of insurance, state exchanges will be attempting to adapt to the many changes to enrollment and eligibility brought about by ACA. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) convened the Roundtable on Health Literacy that brings together leaders from the federal government, foundations, health plans, associations, and private companies to discuss challenges facing health literacy practice and research and to identify approaches to promote health literacy in both the public and private sectors. The roundtable sponsored a workshop in Washington, DC, on July 19, 2011, that focused on ways in which health literacy can facilitate state health insurance exchange communication with potential enrollees. The roundtable's workshop focused on four topics: (1) lessons learned from existing state insurance exchanges; (2) the impact of state insurance exchanges on consumers; (3) the relevance of health literacy to health insurance exchanges; and (4) current best practices in developing materials and communicating with consumers. Facilitating State Health Exchange Communication Through the Use of Health Literate Practices summarizes the presentations and discussion that occurred during the workshop. The report provides an overview of health insurance exchanges, presents evidence on the extent to which consumers understand underlying health insurance concepts, and describes the relevancy of health literacy to health insurance reform and how health literacy interventions can facilitate the implementation of health insurance reforms. The report also provides a review of best practices in developing materials and communicating with consumers, and concludes with reflections on the workshop presentations and discussions by members of the roundtable and its chair. Further information is provided in the appendixes, the workshop agenda (Appendix A), workshop speaker biosketches (Appendix B), and testimony provided by the organization America's Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) (Appendix C). Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 State Health Insurance Exchanges - Overview</li>
<li>3 State Insurance Exchanges' Impact on Consumers</li>
<li>4 Health Literacy Relevance to Health Insurance Exchanges</li>
<li>5 Current Best Practices in Developing Materials and Communicating with Consumers</li>
<li>6 Reflections on Lessons Learned</li>
<li>Appendix A: Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix B: Workshop Speaker Biosketches</li>
<li>Appendix C: Statement on Health Plan Leadership in Advancing Health Literacy and Clear Health Communication</li>
</ul>

Facilitating State Health Exchange Communication Through the Use of Health Literate Practices: Workshop Summary

Approximately 80 million adults in the United States have low health literacy - an individual's ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information. Low health literacy creates difficulties in communicating with clinicians, poses barriers in managing chronic illness, lessens the likelihood of receiving preventive care, heightens the possibility of experiencing serious medication errors, increased risk of hospitalization, and results in poorer quality of life. It is important for health care organizations to develop strategies that can improve their health literacy, yet organizations often find it difficult to determine exactly what it means to be health literate. How Can Health Care Organizations Become More Health Literate?: Workshop defines a health literate health care organization as "an organization that makes it easier for people to navigate, understand, and use information and services to take care of their health." In November 2011, the IOM Roundtable on Health Literacy held a workshop to discuss the growing recognition that health literacy depends not only on individual skills and abilities but also on the demands and complexities of the health care system. How Can Health Care Organizations Become More Health Literate?: Workshop summarizes the workshop. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Attributes of a Health Literate Health Care Organization</li>
<li>3 Reaction Panel 1</li>
<li>4 Reaction Panel 2</li>
<li>5 Reaction Panel 3</li>
<li>6 Reaction Panel 4</li>
<li>7 Reflections on Lessons Learned</li>
<li>Appendix A: The Other Side of the Coin: Attributes of a Health Literate Health Care Organization</li>
<li>Appendix B: Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix C: Speaker Biographical Sketches</li>
</ul>

How Can Health Care Organizations Become More Health Literate?: Workshop Summary

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Roundtable on Health Literacy focuses on bringing together leaders from the federal government, foundations, health plans, associations, and private companies to address challenges facing health literacy practice and research and to identify approaches to promote health literacy in both the public and private sectors. The roundtable serves to educate the public, press, and policy makers regarding the issues of health literacy, sponsoring workshops to discuss approaches to resolve health literacy challenges. It also builds partnerships to move the field of health literacy forward by translating research findings into practical strategies for implementation. The Roundtable held a workshop March 29, 2012, to explore the field of oral health literacy. The workshop was organized by an independent planning committee in accordance with the procedures of the National Academy of Sciences. The planning group was composed of Sharon Barrett, Benard P. Dreyer, Alice M. Horowitz, Clarence Pearson, and Rima Rudd. The role of the workshop planning committee was limited to planning the workshop. Unlike a consensus committee report, a workshop summary may not contain conclusions and recommendations, except as expressed by and attributed to individual presenters and participants. Therefore, the summary has been prepared by the workshop rapporteur as a factual summary of what occurred at the workshop. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Keynote Address</li>
<li>3 Overview and Statement of the Problem</li>
<li>4 What Should One Look for in an Oral Health Literacy Assessment?</li>
<li>5 Oral Health Literacy Programs</li>
<li>6 State Activities in Oral Health Literacy</li>
<li>7 National Activities in Oral Health Literacy</li>
<li>8 Closing Remarks</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix B: Speaker Biosketches</li>
</ul>

Oral Health Literacy: Workshop Summary

The roots of health literacy can be traced back to the national literacy movement in India under Gandhi and to aid groups working in Africa to promote education and health. The term health literacy was first used in 1974 and described as "health education meeting minimal standards for all school grade levels". From that first use the definition of health literacy evolved during the next 30 years with official definitions promulgated by government agencies and large programs. Despite differences among these definitions, they all hold in common the idea that health literacy involves the need for people to understand information that helps them maintain good health. Although the United States produces a majority of the research on health literacy, Europe has strong multinational programs as well as research efforts, and health literacy experts in developing countries have created successful programs implemented on a community level. Given these distinct strengths of efforts worldwide, there are many opportunities for collaboration. International collaboration can harness the United States' research power, Europe's multilingual and multinational experience, and developing nations' community-based programs to create robust programs and research that reach people-not based on language or nationality but on need and value. A workshop on international health literacy efforts that feature presentations and discussion about health literacy interventions from various countries as well as other topics related to international health literacy was held as the basis for this report. Health Literacy: Improving Health, Health Systems, and Health Policy Around the World summarizes the findings and discussions at the workshop. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Welcome</li>
<li>3 Health Literacy Perspectives</li>
<li>4 Health Literacy Policy and Programs</li>
<li>5 Innovations in Health Literacy</li>
<li>6 Concluding Panel</li>
<li>Appendix A: Commissioned Paper: Health Literacy Around the World: Part 1: Health Literacy Efforts Outside of the United States</li>
<li>Appendix B: Speaker Biosketches</li>
</ul>

Health Literacy: Improving Health, Health Systems, and Health Policy Around the World: Workshop Summary

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