This book addresses nine relevant questions: Will population growth reduce the growth rate of per capita income because it reduces the per capita availability of exhaustible resources? How about for renewable resources? Will population growth aggravate degradation of the natural environment? Does more rapid growth reduce worker output and consumption? Do rapid growth and greater density lead to productivity gains through scale economies and thereby raise per capita income? Will rapid population growth reduce per capita levels of education and health? Will it increase inequality of income distribution? Is it an important source of labor problems and city population absorption? And, finally, do the economic effects of population growth justify government programs to reduce fertility that go beyond the provision of family planning services?

Population Growth and Economic Development: Policy Questions

Business & Money

Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education

Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education

Committee on Population

National, Research Council

Working Group on Population Growth and Economic Development

Economics

National Academies Press

This book examines issues concerning how developing countries will have to prepare for demographic and epidemiologic change. Much of the current literature focuses on the prevalence of specific diseases and their economic consequences, but a need exists to consider the consequences of the epidemiological transition: the change in mortality patterns from infectious and parasitic diseases to chronic and degenerative ones. Among the topics covered are the association between the health of children and adults, the strong orientation of many international health organizations toward infant and child health, and how the public and private sectors will need to address and confront the large-scale shifts in disease and demographic characteristics of populations in developing countries. Table of ContentsFRONT MATTERCONTENTSPREFACEINTRODUCTIONSHIFTS IN THE STRUCTURE OF POPULATION AND DEATHS IN LESS DEVELOPED REGIONSMORTALITY BY CAUSE, 1970 TO 2015CHILDHOOD PRECURSORS OF ADULT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH PROGRAMSPROJECTING MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DURING ADULTHOODHEALTH INDICES AS A GUIDE TO HEALTH SECTOR PLANNING: A DEMOGRAPHIC CRITIQUEHEALTH POLICY ISSUES IN THREE LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES: IMPLICATIONS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITIONGOALS OF THE WORLD SUMMIT FOR CHILDREN AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY IN THE 1990sDISTRIBUTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIC RESPONSES TO THE DEMOGRAPHIC-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION - AN INITIAL INQUIRYHEALTH, GOVERNMENT, AND THE POOR: THE CASE FOR THE PRIVATE SECTORROLES OF WOMEN, FAMILIES, AND COMMUNITIES IN PREVENTING ILLNESSES AND PROVIDING HEALTH SERVICES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

The Epidemiological Transition: Policy and Planning Implications for Developing Countries

Politics & Social Sciences

Social Sciences

As the United States and the rest of the world face the unprecedented challenge of aging populations, this volume draws together for the first time state-of-the-art work from the emerging field of the demography of aging. The nine chapters, written by experts from a variety of disciplines, highlight data sources and research approaches, results, and proposed strategies on a topic with major policy implications for labor forces, economic well-being, health care, and the need for social and family supports. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 The Formal Demography of Population Aging, Transfers, and the Economic Life Cycle</li>
<li>3 Retirement and Labor Force Behavior of the Elderly</li>
<li>4 Income, Wealth, and Intergenerational Economic Relations of the Aged</li>
<li>5 The Elderly and Their Kin: Patterns of Availability and Access</li>
<li>6 Care of the Elderly: Division of Labor Among the Family, Market, and State</li>
<li>7 Medical Demography: Interaction of Disability Dynamics and Mortality</li>
<li>8 Socioeconomic Differences in Adult Mortality and Health Status</li>
<li>9 Geographic Concentration, Migration, and Population Redistribution Among the Elderly</li>
<li>10 Research on the Demography of Aging in Developing Countries</li>
<li>Appendix: Letter to Richard Suzman of the National Institute on Aging from the Committee on Population, March 2, 1993</li>
</ul>

Demography of Aging

National Academy Press

Older Americans, even the oldest, can now expect to live years longer than those who reached the same ages even a few decades ago. Although survival has improved for all racial and ethnic groups, strong differences persist, both in life expectancy and in the causes of disability and death at older ages. This book examines trends in mortality rates and selected causes of disability (cardiovascular disease, dementia) for older people of different racial and ethnic groups. The determinants of these trends and differences are also investigated, including differences in access to health care and experiences in early life, diet, health behaviors, genetic background, social class, wealth and income. Groups often neglected in analyses of national data, such as the elderly Hispanic and Asian Americans of different origin and immigrant generations, are compared. The volume provides understanding of research bearing on the health status and survival of the fastest-growing segment of the American population. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Mortality at Older Ages</li>
<li>3 Health and Disability Differences Among Racial and Ethnic Groups</li>
<li>4 Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health in Late Life</li>
<li>5 How Health Behaviors and the Social Environment Contribute to Health Differences Between Black and White Older Americans</li>
<li>6 Black-White Differences in the Use of Medical Care by the Elderly: A Contemporary Analysis</li>
<li>7 Are Genetic Factors Involved in Racial and Ethnic Differences in Late-Life Health?</li>
<li>8 Differences in Rates of Dementia Between Ethno-Racial Groups</li>
<li>9 Cardiovascular Disease Among Elderly Asian Americans</li>
<li>10 Health Status of Hispanic Elderly</li>
</ul>

Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Health of Older Americans

The reported population of American Indians and Alaska Natives has grown rapidly over the past 20 years. These changes raise questions for the Indian Health Service and other agencies responsible for serving the American Indian population. How big is the population? What are its health care and insurance needs? This volume presents an up-to-date summary of what is known about the demography of American Indian and Alaska Native population--their age and geographic distributions, household structure, employment, and disability and disease patterns. This information is critical for health care planners who must determine the eligible population for Indian health services and the costs of providing them. The volume will also be of interest to researchers and policymakers concerned about the future characteristics and needs of the American Indian population. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front matter</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>I Overview of Demographic and Health Conditions</li>
<li>2 The Size and Distribution of the American Indian Population: Fertility, Mortality, Residence, and Migration</li>
<li>3 Recent Health Trends in the Native American Population</li>
<li>II Indentification: Indications and Consequences</li>
<li>4 The Growing American Indian Population, 1960-1990: Beyond Demography</li>
<li>5 Tribal Membership Requirements and the Demography of</li>
<li>6 Problems in Sampling the Native American and Alaska Native Populations</li>
<li>III Social and Economic Conditions</li>
<li>7 The Individual Economic Well-Being of Native American Men and Women During the 1980s: A Decade of Moving Backwards</li>
<li>8 American Indian Poverty on Reservations, 1969-1989</li>
<li>9 The Demography of American Indian Families</li>
<li>10 Demography of American Indian Elders: Social, Economic, and Health Status</li>
<li>IV Health Issues and Health Care Access and Utilization</li>
<li>11 Overview of Alcohol Abuse Epidemiology for American Indian Populations</li>
<li>12 Diabetes Mellitus in Native Americans: The Problem and Its Implications</li>
<li>13 Health Care Utilization, Expenditures, and Insurance Coverage for American Indians and Alaska Natives Eligible for the Indian Health Service</li>
</ul>

Changing Numbers, Changing Needs: American Indian Demography and Public Health

In recent years there have been alarming reports of rapid decreases in life expectancy in the New Independent States (former members of the Soviet Union). To help assess priorities for health policy, the Committee on Population organized two workshops--the first on adult mortality and disability, the second on adult health priorities and policies. Participants included demographers, epidemiologists, public health specialists, economists, and policymakers from the NIS countries, the United States, and Western Europe. This volume consists of selected papers presented at the workshops. They assess the reliability of data on mortality, morbidity, and disability; analyze regional patterns and trends in mortality rates and causes of death; review evidence about major determinants of adult mortality; and discuss implications for health policy. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Premature Death in the New Independent States: Overview</li>
<li>Recent Trends in Life Expectancy and Causes of Death in Russia, 1970-1993</li>
<li>Spatial, Age, and Cause-of-Death Patterns of Mortality in Russia, 1988-1989</li>
<li>Issues of Data Quality in Assessing Mortality Trends and Levels in the New Independent States</li>
<li>Mortality in the New Independent States: Patterns and Impacts</li>
<li>Epidemiological Transitions in the Former Socialist Economies: Divergent Patterns of Mortality and Causes of Death</li>
<li>Soviet and Russian Statistics on Alcohol Consumption and Abuse</li>
<li>The Anti-Alcohol Campaign and Variations in Russian Mortality</li>
<li>Mortality from Tobacco in the New Independent States</li>
<li>Cigarette Smoking and Priorities for Tobacco Control in the New Independent States</li>
<li>Tobacco Control Policy Strategies: Lessons from Western Developed Countries</li>
<li>Nutritional Risk Factors in the Former Soviet Union</li>
<li>Chronic Disease Prevention in the New Independent States: Finnish Experiences</li>
<li>Diet Modification and Food Policy Strategies: What Works?</li>
<li>Appendix - Workshop Agendas</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Premature Death in the New Independent States

Demographers and public health specialists have been surprised by the rapid increases in life expectancy, especially at the oldest ages, that have occurred since the early 1960s. Some scientists are calling into question the idea of a fixed upper limit for the human life span. There is new evidence about the genetic bases for both humans and other species. There are also new theories and models of the role of mutations accumulating over the life span and the possible evolutionary advantages of survival after the reproductive years. This volume deals with such diverse topics as the role of the elderly in other species and among human societies past and present, the contribution of evolutionary theory to our understanding of human longevity and intergenerational transfers, mathematical models for survival, and the potential for collecting genetic material in household surveys. It will be particularly valuable for promoting communication between the social and life sciences. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Between Zeus and the Salmon: Introduction</li>
<li>2 Trajectories of Mortality at Advanced Ages</li>
<li>3 In Search of Limits</li>
<li>4 The Evolution of Senescence</li>
<li>5 Evolutionary Biology and Age-Related Mortality</li>
<li>6 Toward an Evolutionary Demography</li>
<li>7 Identification and Mapping of Genes Determining Longevity</li>
<li>8 Population Biology of the Elderly</li>
<li>9 Postreproductive Survival</li>
<li>10 The Evolution of the Human Life Course</li>
<li>11 Intergenerational Relations and the Elderly</li>
<li>12 The Potential of Population Surveys for Genetic Studies</li>
<li>13 Comparative Perspectives on Plasticity in Human Aging and Life Spans</li>
<li>Glossary</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Between Zeus and the Salmon: The Biodemography of Longevity

The last 35 years or so have witnessed a dramatic shift in the demography of many developing countries. Before 1960, there were substantial improvements in life expectancy, but fertility declines were very rare. Few people used modern contraceptives, and couples had large families. Since 1960, however, fertility rates have fallen in virtually every major geographic region of the world, for almost all political, social, and economic groups. What factors are responsible for the sharp decline in fertility? What role do child survival programs or family programs play in fertility declines? Casual observation suggests that a decline in infant and child mortality is the most important cause, but there is surprisingly little hard evidence for this conclusion. The papers in this volume explore the theoretical, methodological, and empirical dimensions of the fertility-mortality relationship. It includes several detailed case studies based on contemporary data from developing countries and on historical data from Europe and the United States. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Effect of a Child's Death on Birth Spacing: A Cross-National Analysis</li>
<li>3 The Impact of Infant and Child Mortality Risk on Fertility</li>
<li>4 Learning and Lags in Mortality Perceptions</li>
<li>5 The Impact of AIDS Mortality on Individual Fertility: Evidence from Tanzania</li>
<li>6 Infant Mortality and the Fertility Transistion: Macro Evidence from Europe and New Findings from Prussia</li>
<li>7 The Relationship Between Infant and Child Mortality and Fertility: Some Historical and Contemporary Evidence for the United States</li>
<li>8 Fertility Response to Infant and Child Mortality in Africa with Special Reference to Cameroon</li>
<li>9 The Relationship Between Infant and Child Mortality and Subsequent Fertility in Indonesia: 1971-1991</li>
<li>10 Micro and Macro Effects of Child Mortality on Fertility: The Case of India</li>
<li>11 Child Mortality and the Fertility Transistion: Aggregated and Multilevel Evidence from Costa Rica</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

From Death to Birth: Mortality Decline and Reproductive Change

The design of welfare programs in an era of reform and devolution to the states must take into account the likely effects of programs on demographic behavior. Most research on welfare in the past has examined labor market issues, although there have also been some important evaluations of the effects of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program on out-of-wedlock childbearing. Much less information is available on other issues equally central to the debate, including effects on abortion decisions, marriage and divorce, intrafamily relations, household formation, and living arrangements. This volume of papers contains reviews and syntheses of existing evidence bearing on the demographic impacts of welfare and ideas for how to evaluate new state-level reforms. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 The Changing Circumstances of Marriage and Fertility in the United States</li>
<li>3 Trends in the Welfare System</li>
<li>4 The Effect of Welfare on Marriage and Fertility</li>
<li>5 Welfare Reform and Abortion</li>
<li>6 Changing Family Formation Behavior Through Welfare Reform</li>
<li>7 The Effect of Welfare on Child Outcomes</li>
</ul>

Welfare, the Family, and Reproductive Behavior: Research Perspectives

Because forced migration situations are often physically dangerous and politically complicated, estimates of these populations are often difficult to make. Estimates of forced migration vary, but it is probable that there are about 23 million refugees and more than 30 million internally displaced people.In order to assist specific groups of forced migrants and also to better understand the general plight of forced migrants, good demographic data are needed. However, collecting data on forced migration presents tremendous challenges for normal data collection processes and standards.To explore a range of issues about internally displaced persons and refugees, the Committee on Population of the National Research Council organized a Workshop on the Demography of Forced Migration in Washington, D.C., in November 1997. The purpose of the workshop was to investigate the ways in which population and other social scientists can produce more useful demographic information about forced migrant populations and how they differ. This report summarizes the background papers prepared for the meeting, the presentations, and the general discussion.

The Demography of Forced Migration: Summary of a Workshop (Compass Series)

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