Causes and Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Reduction: An Update

Science & Math

Division on Earth and Life Studies

Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources

National, Research Council

Environmental Studies Board

Committee on Biological Effects of Increased Solar Ultraviolet Radiation

Committee on Chemistry and Physics of Ozone Depletion

Earth Sciences

National Academies Press

Water and other fluids play a vital role in the processes that shape the earth's crust, possibly even influencing earthquakes and volcanism. Fluids affect the movement of chemicals and heat in the crust, and they are the major factor in the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits. Yet, fluids have been overlooked in many geologic investigations. The Role of Fluids in Crustal Processes addresses this lack of attention with a survey of what experts know about the role of fluids in the Earth's crust--and what future research can reveal. The overview discusses factors that affect fluid movement and the coupled equations that represent energy and mass transport processes, chemical reactions, and the relation of fluids to stress distribution. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Overview and Recommendations</li>
<li>1. Mass and Energy Transport in a Deforming Earth's Crust</li>
<li>2. Pore Fluid Pressure Near Magma Chambers</li>
<li>3. Evolution and Style of Fracture Permeability in Intrusion-Centered Hydrothermal Systems</li>
<li>4. Fluid Dynamics During Progressive Regional Metamorphism</li>
<li>5. Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Constraints on the Deep Circulation of Surface Waters into Zones of Hydrothermal Metamorphism and Melting</li>
<li>6. Hydrothermal Systems Associated with Regional Metamorphism and Crustal Anatexis: Example from the Pyrenees, France</li>
<li>7. Time-Dependent Hydraulics of the Earth's Crust</li>
<li>8. COCORP and Fluids in the Crust</li>
<li>9. Smoluchowski's Dilemma Revisited: A Note on the Fluid-Pressure History of the Central Appalachian Fold-Thrust Belt</li>
<li>10. Fluid Pressure History in Subduction Zones: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions in the Kodiak Accretionary Complex, Alaska</li>
<li>11. Degassing of Carbon Dioxide as a Possible Source of High Pore Pressures in the Crust</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

The Role of Fluids in Crustal Processes (Studies in Geophysics)

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

Geophysics Study Committee

Sea-level rise may be one of the consequences of global warming. To understand changes in sea level caused by the "greenhouse effect," we must understand the factors that have caused the sea level to fluctuate significantly throughout history. This new volume explores current views among scientists on the causes and mechanisms of sea-level change. The authors examine measurement programs and make recommendations aimed at improving our understanding of the factors that affect sea level. It will be welcomed by scientists, engineers, and policymakers concerned about "greenhouse" issues and sea-level change, the environmental community, researchers, and students.

Sea-Level Change (Studies in Geophysics)

Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program: I. Physical Oceanography

Business & Money

Committee to Review the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program

Economics

Hydrology--the science of water--is central to our understanding of the global environment and its many problems. Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences explains how the science of water historically has played second fiddle to its applications and how we now must turn to the hydrologic sciences to solve some of the emerging problems. This first book of its kind presents a blueprint for establishing hydrologic science among the geosciences. Informative and well-illustrated chapters explore what we know about the forces that drive the global water system, highlighting promising research topics in hydrology's major subfields. The book offers specific recommendations for improving hydrologic education, from kindergarten through graduate school. In addition, a chapter on the basics of the science is interesting for the scientist and understandable to the lay reader. This readable volume is enhanced by a series of brief biographical sketches of past leaders in the field and fascinating vignettes on important applied problems, from the relevance of hydrology to radioactive waste disposal to the study of ancient water flows on Mars. The volume concludes with a report on current research funding and an outline of strategies for scientists and professional societies to advance the field. Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences is indispensable to policymakers in science and education, research managers in geoscience programs, researchers, educators, graduate students, and future hydrologists. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS</li>
<li>WATER AND LIFE</li>
<li>THE HYDROLOGIC SCIENCES</li>
<li>SOME CRITICAL AND EMERGING AREAS</li>
<li>SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF DATA COLLECTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND ANALYSIS</li>
<li>EDUCATION IN THE HYDROLOGIC SCIENCES</li>
<li>SCIENTIFIC PRIORITIES</li>
<li>RESOURCES AND STRATEGIES</li>
<li>APPENDIXES</li>
<li>APPENDIX A: Funding for Research in the Hydrologic Sciences</li>
<li>APPENDIX B: Profiles of the Hydrologic Community, 1960 and 1988</li>
<li>APPENDIX C: Contributors to the Report, Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences</li>
<li>APPENDIX D: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members</li>
<li>INDEX</li>
</ul>

Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

Water Science and Technology Board

Committee on Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

This book presents working principles for assessing the relative importance of anthropogenic emission sources that contribute to haze in U.S. national parks and wilderness areas and discusses various alternative source control methods. Haze in the Grand Canyon evaluates and recommends strategies for improving critical scientific and technical gaps in the information and databases on haze. It examines such topics as methods for determining individual source contributions, regional and seasonal factors that affect haze, strategies for improving air quality models, the interactive role of photochemical exodants, and scientific and technological considerations in choosing emission control measures.

Haze in the Grand Canyon: An Evaluation of the Winter Haze Intensive Tracer Experiment

Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

Committee on Haze in National Parks and Wilderness Areas

The American West faces many challenges, but none is more important than the challenge of managing its water. This book examines the role that water transfers can play in allocating the region's scarce water resources. It focuses on the variety of third parties, including Native Americans, Hispanic communities, rural communities, and the environment, that can sometimes be harmed when water is moved. The committee presents recommendations to guide states, tribes, and federal agencies toward better regulation. Seven in-depth case studies are presented: Nevada's Carson-Truckee basin, the Colorado Front Range, northern New Mexico, Washington's Yakima River basin, central Arizona, and the Central and Imperial valleys in California. Water Transfers in the West presents background and current information on factors that have encouraged water transfers, typical types of transfers, and their potential negative effects. The book highlights the benefits that water transfers can bring but notes the need for more third-party representation in the processes used to evaluate planned transfers. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary</li>
<li>1 Pressures for Change</li>
<li>2 Third Party Impacts and Opportunities</li>
<li>3 The Role of Law in the Transfer Process</li>
<li>4 Assessing Water Transfers and Their Effects: An Introduction to the Case Studies</li>
<li>5 The Truckee-Carson Basins in Nevada: Indian Tribes and Wildlife Concerns Shape a Reallocation Strategy</li>
<li>6 Colorado Front Range-Arkansas River Valley: Interconnected Water Sources</li>
<li>7 Northern New Mexico: Differing Notions of Water, Property, and Community</li>
<li>8 The Yakima Basin in Washington: Will Transfers Occur Without Judicial or Legislative Pressures?</li>
<li>9 Central Arizona: The Endless Search for New Supplies to Water the Desert</li>
<li>10 California's Central Valley: Fear and Loathing in Potential Water Markets</li>
<li>11 California's Imperial Valley: A 'Win-Win' Transfer?</li>
<li>12 Conclusions and Recommendations</li>
<li>Appendix A: Glossary</li>
<li>Appendix B: Acknowledgements of Case Study Participants</li>
<li>Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment

Committee on Western Water Management

Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology, and Public Policy

Aldo Leopold, father of the "land ethic," once said, "The time has come for science to busy itself with the earth itself. The first step is to reconstruct a sample of what we had to begin with." The concept he expressed--restoration--is defined in this comprehensive new volume that examines the prospects for repairing the damage society has done to the nation's aquatic resources: lakes, rivers and streams, and wetlands. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems outlines a national strategy for aquatic restoration, with practical recommendations, and features case studies of aquatic restoration activities around the country. The committee examines <ul>
<li>Key concepts and techniques used in restoration. 
</li> <li>Common factors in successful restoration efforts. 
</li> <li>Threats to the health of the nation's aquatic ecosystems. 
</li> <li>Approaches to evaluation before, during, and after a restoration project. 
</li> <li>The emerging specialties of restoration and landscape ecology.</li> </ul> Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary</li>
<li>1 Overview</li>
<li>2 A Selective History of Changing Goals and Authority for Aquatic Ecosystem Management</li>
<li>3 Planning and Evaluating Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration</li>
<li>4 Lakes</li>
<li>5 Rivers and Streams</li>
<li>6 Wetlands</li>
<li>7 Integrated Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration</li>
<li>8 A National Restoration Strategy: Basic Elements and Related Recommendations</li>
<li>Appendixes</li>
<li>Appendix A: Restoration Case Studies</li>
<li>Appendix B: Glossary</li>
<li>Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Professional Staff</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Committee on Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology, and Public Policy

Biological Sciences

This book contains 11 papers that review the extant information about the Colorado River from an ecosystem perspective and serve as the basis for discussion of the use of ecosystem/earth science information for river management and dam operations. It also contains a synopsis of the committee's findings and recommendations to the Bureau of Reclamation as the agency seeks to change its direction to the management of natural resources. Table of ContentsFront MatterCommittee Synopsis/Findings and RecommendationsThe Law and Politics of the Operation of Glen Canyon DamThe Role of Science in Natural Resource Management: The Case fr the Colorado RiverHydrology of Glen Canyon and the Grand CanyonSediment Transport in the Colorado River BasinLimnology of Lake Powell and the Chemistry of the Colorado RiverAlgal and Invertebrate Biota in the Colorado River: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Dam ConditionsNative Fishes of the Grand Canyon Region: An Obituary?Historic Changes in Vegetation Along the Colorado River in the Grand CanyonReservoir OperationsA Brief History of the Glen Canyon Environmental StudiesGlen Canyon Environmental Studies Research Program: Past, Present, and FutureClosing RemarksAppendix A: Symposium ProgramAppendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix C: Symposium InviteesAppendix D: Glen Canyon Environmental Studies Technical Reports

Colorado River Ecology and Dam Management: Proceedings of a Symposium May 24-25, 1990 Santa Fe, New Mexico

Committee to Review the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies

Initial priorities for U.S. participation in the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, declared by the United Nations, are contained in this volume. It focuses on seven issues: hazard and risk assessment; awareness and education; mitigation; preparedness for emergency response; recovery and reconstruction; prediction and warning; learning from disasters; and U.S. participation internationally. The committee presents its philosophy of calls for broad public and private participation to reduce the toll of disasters. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1. The U.S. Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction2. Hazard and Risk Assessment3. Awareness and Education4. Mitigation5. Preparedness for Emergency Response, Recovery, and Reconstruction6. Prediction and Warning7. Learning from Disasters8. U.S. Participation in the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction9. Organization of the U.S. DecadeAppendix: Hazard Reduction ChecklistSuggested ReadingsAdditional Images

A Safer Future: Reducing the Impacts of Natural Disasters

U.S. National Committee for the Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction

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