In the laboratory, testing the toxic effects for a single compound is a straightforward process. However, many common harmful substances occur naturally as mixtures and can interact to exhibit greater toxic effects as a mixture than the individual components exhibit separately. Complex Mixtures addresses the problem of identifying and classifying complex mixtures, investigating the effect of exposure, and the research problems inherent in testing their toxicity to human beings. A complete series of case studies is presented, including one that examines the cofactors of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoke.

Complex Mixtures: Methods for In Vivo Toxicity Testing

Science & Math

Division on Earth and Life Studies

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

Commission on Life Sciences

National, Research Council

Committee on Methods for the In Vivo Toxicity Testing of Complex Mixtures

Earth Sciences

National Academies Press

Does exposure to environmental toxicants inhibit our ability to have healthy children who develop normally? Biologic markers--indicators that can tell us when environmental factors have caused a change at the cellular or biochemical level that might affect reproductive ability--are a promising tool for research aimed at answering that important question. Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology examines the potential of these markers in environmental health studies; clarifies definitions, underlying concepts, and possible applications; and shows the benefits to be gained from their use in reproductive and neurodevelopmental research.

Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology

Politics & Social Sciences

Committee on Biologic Markers

Subcommittee on Reproductive and Neurodevelopmental Toxicology

Social Sciences

Studying animals in the environment may be a realistic and highly beneficial approach to identifying unknown chemical contaminants before they cause human harm. Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards presents an overview of animal-monitoring programs, including detailed case studies of how animal health problems--such as the effects of DDT on wild bird populations--have led researchers to the sources of human health hazards. The authors examine the components and characteristics required for an effective animal-monitoring program, and they evaluate numerous existing programs, including in situ research, where an animal is placed in a natural setting for monitoring purposes. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1. Introduction</li>
<li>2. Concepts and Definitions</li>
<li>3. Food Animals as Sentinels</li>
<li>4. Companion Animals as Sentinels</li>
<li>5. Fish and Other Wildlife as Sentinels</li>
<li>6. Animal Sentinels in Risk Assessment</li>
<li>7. Selection and Application of Animal Sentinel Systems in Risk Assessment</li>
<li>8. Conclusions and Recommendations</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix: May 1988 Workshop Participants</li>
</ul>

Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards

Committee on Animals as Monitors of Environmental Hazards

This book presents working principles for assessing the relative importance of anthropogenic emission sources that contribute to haze in U.S. national parks and wilderness areas and discusses various alternative source control methods. Haze in the Grand Canyon evaluates and recommends strategies for improving critical scientific and technical gaps in the information and databases on haze. It examines such topics as methods for determining individual source contributions, regional and seasonal factors that affect haze, strategies for improving air quality models, the interactive role of photochemical exodants, and scientific and technological considerations in choosing emission control measures.

Haze in the Grand Canyon: An Evaluation of the Winter Haze Intensive Tracer Experiment

Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate

Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources

Committee on Haze in National Parks and Wilderness Areas

Are environmental pollutants threatening the human immune system? Researchers are rapidly approaching definitive answers to this question, with the aid of biologic markers--sophisticated assessment tools that could revolutionize detection and prevention of certain diseases. This volume, third in a series on biologic markers, focuses on the human immune system and its response to environmental toxicants. The authoring committee provides direction for continuing development of biologic markers, with strategies for applying markers to immunotoxicology in humans and recommended outlines for clinical and field studies. This comprehensive, up-to-date volume will be invaluable to specialists in toxicology and immunology and to biologists and investigators involved in the development of biologic markers. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 The Structure and Function of the Immune System and Mechanisms of Immunotoxicology</li>
<li>3 Biologic Markers for Immune-Mediated Disease</li>
<li>4 Autoimmune Diseases</li>
<li>5 The Capacity of Toxic Agents to Compromise the Immune System (Biologic Markers of Immunosuppression)</li>
<li>6 Animal Models for Use in Detecting Immunotoxic Potential and Determining Mechanisms of Action</li>
<li>7 Human Immune-System Biologic Markers of Immunotoxicity</li>
<li>8 Application of Biologic Markers of Immunotoxicity in Epidemiology</li>
<li>9 Use of Biologic Markers in Controversial Areas of Environmental Health</li>
<li>10 Summary and Recommendations</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Glossary</li>
<li>Biographies</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology

Subcommittee on Immunotoxicology

Chemistry

The amount of hazardous waste in the United States has been estimated at 275 million metric tons in licensed sites alone. Is the health of Americans at risk from exposure to this toxic material? This volume, the first of several on environmental epidemiology, reviews the available evidence and makes recommendations for filling gaps in data and improving health assessments. The book explores: <ul>
<li>Whether researchers can infer health hazards from available data. 
</li> <li>The results of substantial state and federal programs on hazardous waste dangers. 
</li> </ul>
The book presents the results of studies of hazardous wastes in the air, water, soil, and food and examines the potential of biological markers in health risk assessment. The data and recommendations in this volume will be of immediate use to toxicologists, environmental health professionals, epidemiologists, and other biologists. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary</li>
<li>Section One: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes: The Context</li>
<li>1. Introduction</li>
<li>2. State and Federal Context for Environmental Epidemiology of Hazardous Wastes</li>
<li>3. Dimensions of the Problem: Exposure Assessment</li>
<li>Section Two: Hazardous Wastes in Air, Water, Soil, and Food; Biological Markers</li>
<li>4. Air Exposures</li>
<li>5. Domestic Water Consumption</li>
<li>6. Soil and Food as Potential Sources of Exposure at Hazardous-Waste Sites</li>
<li>7. Biological Markers in Studies of Hazardous-Waste Sites</li>
<li>8. General Conclusions</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes

Committee on Environmental Epidemiology

Health, Fitness & Dieting

Scientists agree that exposure to toxic agents in the environment can cause neurological and psychiatric illnesses ranging from headaches and depression to syndromes resembling parkinsonism. It can even result in death at high exposure levels. The emergence of subclinical neurotoxicity--the concept that long-term impairments can escape clinical detection--makes the need for risk assessment even more critical. This volume paves the way toward definitive solutions, presenting the current consensus on risk assessment and environmental toxicants and offering specific recommendations. The book covers:  The biologic basis of neurotoxicity. Progress in the application of biologic markers. Reviews of a wide range of in vitro and in vivo testing techniques. The use of surveillance and epidemiology to identify neurotoxic hazards that escape premarket screening. Research needs.  This volume will be an important resource for policymakers, health specialists, researchers, and students. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1. Introduction: Defining the Problem of Neurotoxicity2. Biologic Basis of Neurotoxicity3. Biologic Markers in Neurotoxicology4. Testing for Neurotoxicity5. Surveillance to Prevent Neurotoxicity in Humans6. Risk Assessment7. Conclusions and RecommendationsReferencesIndex

Environmental Neurotoxicology

Committee on Neurotoxicology and Models for Assessing Risk

Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program reviews the ecological studies done by the Environmental Studies Program of the Minerals Management Service. This program, which has spent $10 million a year on ecological studies in recent years, is designed to provide information to predict and manage the environmental effects of outer continental shelf oil and gas activities. The book considers studies on marine mammals and endangered species, birds, benthic organisms, fisheries, and marine ecosystems and makes recommendations for future studies. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1. Introduction2. Principles of Assessment3. Analysis of the Program4. Conclusions and RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A: Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and ResourcesAppendix B: Ecology Study Contracts Awarded by the Minerals Management Service, 1973-1989

Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program: II. Ecology

Business & Money

Committee to Review the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program

Ecology Panel

Economics

This is the third of four volumes from the Committee to Review the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Environmental Studies Program (ESP). The first two dealt with physical, oceanographic, and ecological aspects of the program. This book presents the findings of the panel's investigation of the social and economic relevance of OCS oil and gas activities and the social and economic aspects of the ESP. It describes the potential effects of OCS activities on the human environment, presents an ideal socioeconomic studies program, and comments on the current program in the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific, and Alaska regions. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive SummaryIntroductionThe Human EnvironmentA Framework for Organizing OCS Socioeconomic StudiesAnalysis of the ProgramConclusions and RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A: Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, &amp; ResourcesAppendix B: The Human EnvironmentAppendix C: The Evolution of the Federal OCS Program: National and Regional PerspectivesAppendix D: Social and Economic Studies Technical Reports, Alaska OCS Region, MMS

Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program: III. Social and Economic Studies

Socioeconomics Panel

The public depends on competent risk assessment from the federal government and the scientific community to grapple with the threat of pollution. When risk reports turn out to be overblown--or when risks are overlooked--public skepticism abounds. This comprehensive and readable book explores how the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can improve its risk assessment practices, with a focus on implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. With a wealth of detailed information, pertinent examples, and revealing analysis, the volume explores the "default option" and other basic concepts. It offers two views of EPA operations: The first examines how EPA currently assesses exposure to hazardous air pollutants, evaluates the toxicity of a substance, and characterizes the risk to the public. The second, more holistic, view explores how EPA can improve in several critical areas of risk assessment by focusing on cross-cutting themes and incorporating more scientific judgment. This comprehensive volume will be important to the EPA and other agencies, risk managers, environmental advocates, scientists, faculty, students, and concerned individuals. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>Part I Current Approaches to Risk Assessment: 2 Risk Assessment and its Social and Regulatory Contexts</li>
<li>3 Exposure Assessment</li>
<li>4 Assessment of Toxicity</li>
<li>5 Risk Characterization</li>
<li>Part II Strategies for Improving Risk Assessment: 6 Default Options</li>
<li>7 Models, Methods, and Data</li>
<li>8 Data Needs</li>
<li>9 Uncertainty</li>
<li>10 Variability</li>
<li>11 Aggregation</li>
<li>Part III Implementation of Findings: 12 Implementation</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Risk Assessment Methodologies: EPA</li>
<li>Appendix B: EPA Memorandum from Henry Habicht</li>
<li>Appendix C: Calculation and Modeling of Exposure</li>
<li>Appendix D: Working Paper for Considering Draft Revisions to the U.S. EPA Guidelines for Cancer Risk Assessment</li>
<li>Appendix E: Use of Pharmacokinetics to Extrapolate from Animal Data to Humans</li>
<li>Appendix F: Uncertainty Analysis of Health Risk Estimates</li>
<li>Appendix G: Improvement in Human Health Risk Assessment Utilizing Site- and Chemical-Specific Information: A Case Study</li>
<li>Appendix H-1: Some Definitional Concerns About Variability</li>
<li>Appendix H-2: Individual Susceptibility Factors</li>
<li>Appendix I: Aggregation</li>
<li>Appendix J: A Tiered Modeling Approach for Assessing the Risks Due to Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants</li>
<li>Appendix K: Science Advisory Board Memorandum on the Integrated Risk Information System and EPA Response</li>
<li>Appendix L: Development of Data Used in Risk Assessment</li>
<li>Appendix M: Charge to the Committee</li>
<li>Appendix N-1: The Case for</li>
<li>Appendix N-2: Making Full Use of Scientific Information in Risk Assessment</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment

Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants

Routledge

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